Translating the Charitable Affectation in Private Law

Traduire sans trahir, voilà la difficulté du traducteur comme celle du comparatiste. Comment garantir que les notions, une fois passées au filtre juridique, ne subissent pas une certaine altération, et ne perdent par là un peu d’elles-mêmes? Cet article s’intéresse donc à un genre particulier de traduction où des concepts universels se voient convertis en notions juridiques. Dans le cas précis de la philanthropie, la traduction se révèle moins aisée en droit civil qu’en common law au point de s’interroger de la capacité de ce premier à accueillir les mécanismes philanthropiques. Il en ressort alors que les traditions juridiques n’ont pas la même capacité à accueillir certaines notions et rendre au mieux les éléments qui les caractérisent

Les lieux du droit et les objets culturels

Dans le texte qui suit, l’auteure expose, à travers le prisme du critère du lieu dans lequel se trouve l’objet culturel, la variabilité de son régime juridique et, le cas échéant, elle en souligne les carences et les faiblesses. En effet, aborder l’objet culturel par le lieu permet de mettre en exergue une gradation de la protection que le droit québécois peut offrir. Surtout, il devient possible d’établir la manière dont la technique d’affectation constitue un moyen grâce auquel le niveau de protection de l’objet culturel est augmenté, et par là un moyen pour le sortir des aléas juridiques qui découlent du lieu dans lequel il se trouve. Ce faisant, trois types de lieux sont ainsi explorés – le musée comme lieu protecteur par excellence, le site archéologique comme non-lieu normatif et le mur support de graffiti comme lieu de conflit normatif – au gré de différentes modalités d’affectation telles que les charges grevant la libéralité, le classement des biens ou encore l’obligation propter rem.Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the law governing cultural objects varies according to their location and, where applicable, to highlight the shortcomings and weaknesses of that regime. A view of cultural objects through the lens of their location identifies different levels of protection afforded under Quebec’s law. This approach also illustrates how the modalities of the transfer of cultural goods are used to increase the level of protection they receive and to mitigate against some of the vagaries of their location. Thus, three types of places are examined here–museums as protective spaces par excellence, archaeological sites as a normative vacuum, and graffiti walls as a place of normative conflict–in light of the different circumstances of the assignment, such as charges payable on gifts, the classification of cultural property, and the obligation propter rem.Resumen : En el siguiente texto, la autora expone, a través del prisma del criterio del lugar en el que se encuentra el objeto cultural, la variabilidad de su régimen jurídico y, en cada caso, destaca sus carencias y debilidades. En efecto, abordar el bien cultural por el lugar permite resaltar una gradación de la protección que el derecho quebequense puede ofrecer. Sobre todo, se hace posible establecer la manera en que los actos de disposición de la destinación o finalidad de un bien, affectation, constituyen un medio gracias al cual se eleva el nivel de protección del bien cultural y, por tanto, un medio para sustraerlo a las incertidumbres jurídicas que se derivan del lugar en el que se encuentra. Al hacerlo, se exploran así tres tipos de lugares – el museo como lugar protector por excelencia, el yacimiento arqueológico como no-lugar normativo y el muro de grafitis como lugar de conflicto normativo – según diferentes modalidades, tales como el gravamen a la liberalidad, la clasificación de los bienes y la obligación propter rem

Effects of discontinuing or continuing ongoing statin therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective cohort study

International audienceABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Recent publications suggest potential benefits from statins as a preventive or adjuvant therapy in sepsis. Whether ongoing statin therapy should be continued or discontinued in patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) for sepsis is open to question. METHODS: We retrospectively compared patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in whom statin therapy had been discontinued or continued. The primary endpoint was the number of organ failure-free days at day 14. Secondary end-points included hospital mortality and safety. The association of statin continuation with outcome was evaluated for crude analysis and after propensity score matching and adjustment. We also measured plasma atorvastatin concentrations in a separate set of ICU septic patients continuing the drug. RESULTS: Patients in whom statin therapy had been continued in the ICU (n = 44) had significantly more organ failure-free days (11 67891011121314 vs. 6 [0-12], mean difference of 2.34, 95%CI from 0.47 to 5.21, P = 0.03) as compared to others (n = 32). However, there were important imbalances between groups, with more hospital-acquired infections, more need for surgery before ICU admission, and a trend towards more septic shock at ICU admission in the discontinuation group. The significant association of statin continuation with organ failure free days found in the crude analysis did not persist after propensity-matching or multivariable adjustment: beta coefficients [95% CI] of 2.37 [-0.96 to 5.70] (P = 0.20) and 2.24 [-0.43 to 4.91] (P = 0.11) respectively. We found particularly high pre-dose and post-dose atorvastatin concentrations in ICU septic patients continuing the drug. CONCLUSIONS: Continuing statin therapy in ICU septic patients was not associated with reduction in the severity of organ failure after matching and adjustment. In addition, the very high plasma concentrations achieved during continuation of statin treatment advocates some caution

Efficacy of the Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in the treatment of vasculopathy associated with TMEM173-activating mutations in 3 children

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JAK inhibition in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: a monocentric multidisciplinary real-world approach study

International audienceThe paradigm type I interferonopathy Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is most typically characterized by severe neurological involvement. AGS is considered an immune-mediated disease, poorly responsive to conventional immunosuppression. Premised on a chronic enhancement of type I interferon signaling, JAK1/2 inhibition has been trialed in AGS, with clear improvements in cutaneous and systemic disease manifestations. Contrastingly, treatment efficacy at the level of the neurological system has been less conclusive. Here, we report our real-word approach study of JAK1/2 inhibition in 11 patients with AGS, providing extensive assessments of clinical and radiological status; interferon signaling, including in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); and drug concentrations in blood and CSF. Over a median follow-up of 17 months, we observed a clear benefit of JAK1/2 inhibition on certain systemic features of AGS, and reproduced results reported using the AGS neurologic severity scale. In contrast, there was no change in other scales assessing neurological status; using the caregiver scale, only patient comfort, but no other domain of everyday-life care, was improved. Serious bacterial infections occurred in 4 out of the 11 patients. Overall, our data lead us to conclude that other approaches to treatment are urgently required for the neurologic features of AGS. We suggest that earlier diagnosis and adequate central nervous system penetration likely remain the major factors determining the efficacy of therapy in preventing irreversible brain damage, implying the importance of early and rapid genetic testing and the consideration of intrathecal drug delivery

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

The role and uses of antibodies in COVID-19 infections: a living review

Coronavirus disease 2019 has generated a rapidly evolving field of research, with the global scientific community striving for solutions to the current pandemic. Characterizing humoral responses towards SARS-CoV-2, as well as closely related strains, will help determine whether antibodies are central to infection control, and aid the design of therapeutics and vaccine candidates. This review outlines the major aspects of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody research to date, with a focus on the various prophylactic and therapeutic uses of antibodies to alleviate disease in addition to the potential of cross-reactive therapies and the implications of long-term immunity

T cell phenotypes in COVID-19 - a living review

COVID-19 is characterized by profound lymphopenia in the peripheral blood, and the remaining T cells display altered phenotypes, characterized by a spectrum of activation and exhaustion. However, antigen-specific T cell responses are emerging as a crucial mechanism for both clearance of the virus and as the most likely route to long-lasting immune memory that would protect against re-infection. Therefore, T cell responses are also of considerable interest in vaccine development. Furthermore, persistent alterations in T cell subset composition and function post-infection have important implications for patients’ long-term immune function. In this review, we examine T cell phenotypes, including those of innate T cells, in both peripheral blood and lungs, and consider how key markers of activation and exhaustion correlate with, and may be able to predict, disease severity. We focus on SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells to elucidate markers that may indicate formation of antigen-specific T cell memory. We also examine peripheral T cell phenotypes in recovery and the likelihood of long-lasting immune disruption. Finally, we discuss T cell phenotypes in the lung as important drivers of both virus clearance and tissue damage. As our knowledge of the adaptive immune response to COVID-19 rapidly evolves, it has become clear that while some areas of the T cell response have been investigated in some detail, others, such as the T cell response in children remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this review will also highlight areas where T cell phenotypes require urgent characterisation