COMMUNITY ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN THE VILLAGE OF ISLANDS JORONGA KUKUPANG DISTRICT

Hutan mangrove telah menyesuaikan diri dari terpaan ombak yang kuat dengan salinitas yang tinggi. Tumbuhan mangrove tumbuh diatas dataran lumpur digenangi air laut atau air payau sewaktu air pasang atau digenangi air sepanjang hari, Desa Kukupang memiliki ekosistem mangrove yang tumbuh di sepanjang pesisr pantai, namun kelestariannya terancam akibat oleh warga desa tersebut.  Desa Kukupang merupakan salah satu ibu kota Kecamatan Kepulauan Jouronga yang berada pada Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan Provinsi Maluku Utara. Ekosistem mangrove Desa Kukupang memiliki tumbuh hidup disepanjang pesisir pantai dengan kondisi pertumbuhan masih sangat alami. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober-November 2014 Lokasi penelitian bertempat di kawasan ekosistem mangrove Desa Kukupang Kecamatan Kepulauan Joronga, Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan Maluku Utara. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas ekosistem mangrove dan menganalisis tingkat kerapatan ekosistem mangrove Metode transek kuadrat dan penentuan stasiun dilakukan dengan metode acak terstratifikasi. Pengambilan data terbagi dalam 3 stasiun yang berukuran 10 x 10 m untuk pohon, 5 m x 5 m untuk pancang, 1 x 1 m untuk semai, , dimana  penetuan stasiun untuk sampling dibagi menjadi 3 stasiun. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat 6 jenis mangrove ditemukan yaitu: Rhizopora apiculata, Avicennia marina, Rhizopora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Brugueraea gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal. Pola sebaran ekosistem mangrove berasosiasi, tingkat kerapatan tertinggi diperoleh jenis mangrove Rhizopora apiculata sebesar 0,23 (ind/m2) kondisi substrat pada loksi penelitian yang dominan pasir.Mangroves forests have adapted themselves from exposure to strong waves with high salinity. Mangroves grow on mud flats flooded with sea water or brackish water during high tide or flooded throughout the day. Kukupang village is one of the capital of the District of Jouronga Islands are located in the South Halmahera in North Maluku province. Mangrove ecosystem has grown Kukupang village life along the coast with an area of approximately 65 hectares with the condition is still very natural growth. The research was conducted in October-November 2014 Location of the study took place in mangrove ecosystem Kukupang Village District of Joronga Islands, South Halmahera in North Maluku. Transect method of determining the station square and performed by stratified random method. Data retrieval is divided into three stations measuring 10 x 10 m for trees, 5 mx 5 m for the stake, 1 x 1 m for the nursery, where elucidation of the sampling stations are divided into three stations. Based on the results of the study are six mangrove species found are: Rhizopora apiculata, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Brugueraea gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal. Distribution pattern associated mangrove ecosystem, and the highest level of density is the type of mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata, the condition of the substrate at the location of the dominant research dust

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Structure of the macrozoobenthos community in mangrove in Kukupang Village, Joronga Islands District, South Halmahera District, North Maluku Province

Makrozoobentos merupakan organisme yang hidup melata, menempel, memendam baik didasar perairan maupun di permukaan dasar perairan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmenganalisis tingkat keanekaragaman makrozoobentos pada ekosistem mangrove di Desa Kukupang Kecamatan Kepulauan Joronga, Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan.Pelaksanaan penelitian pada bulan Oktober sampai dengan bulan Juli sampai Agustus Lokasi penelitian bertempat di kawasan ekosistem mangrove Desa Kukupang Kecamatan Kepulauan Joronga.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode transek kuadrat dan penentuan stasiun dilakukan dengan metode acak terstratifikasi, Pengambilan data makrozoobenthos menggunakan transek berukuran 5m  x 5m  dengan menggunakan plot ukuran plot 1m x 1m, dimana  penentuan stasiun untuk sampling dibagi menjadi 3 stasiun. Hasil pengamtan dilapangan terdapat 23 jenis makrozoobenthos dengan nilai Indeks keanekaragaman tertinggi ditemukan distasiun 1 sebesar 2.15, sedangkan untuk stasiun 2 nilai  indeks keanekaragaman sebesar 1.91 kemudian nilai keanekaragaman terendah berada pada stasiun 3  sebesar 1.46 spesies yang lebih dominan ditemukan pada lokasi penelitian jenis Littirina scabra dibandingkan dengan spesies lainnya.Kata Kunci: Makrozoobenthos, Ekosistem Mangrove, Desa Kukupan

Struktur komunitas dan pemetaan ekosistem mangrove di pesisir Pulau Maitara, Provinsi Maluku Utara, Indonesia

Mangrove is ecosystem important in coastal area. Human exploited make decrease habitat mangroves ecosystem. The highly activity in this area threaten quantity ecology ecosystem mangroves.The objective of the present study was to examine the ecological indices and mapping of mangrove in coastal region on Maitara Island, North Moluccas.Information about that most important for sustainable mangrove management. The results showed that mangroves composition found that 4 specieses belong to 3 families.total density of stations namely 215.78 tree/hectare, frequency 722.22 tree/hectare, percent cover 189.29% and significantion value 300 every stations. The density and frequency highest of species found Rhizopora apicullata, Avicennia alba, Sonneratia alba. The density and frequency lowest Sonneratia caseolaris. The percent cover highest types derived Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris, Avicennia alba and percent lowest is Sonneratia caseolaris. Overall the ecological index analysed diversity of mangroves found is minor. The characterize mangrove zonation that Rhizhopora Sp is aleadingconstituentof mangrove ecosystem from coast to land inthe Maitara Island. Extensivemangroveobtained fromfieldclassificationandmapping resultsof4.91hectares. Correctionfield data andpreviousliterature studiesindicatedthere have been adecline inmangroveareaat1.09during 3 years.The overall necessaryapproaches to conservationandsustainable managementofmangroveecosystem andconservation interestson the Maitara Island. Mangrove merupakan ekosistem penting di daerah pesisir.Meningkatnya exploitasi manusia menurunkan habitat ekosistem mangrove. Tingginya aktivitas mengancam kuantitas ekologi ekosistem mangrove.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat struktur komunitas dan pemetaan ekosistem mangrove. Pengambilan data mangrove dilakukan pada tahun 2015. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa komposisi jenis mangrove yang ditemukan terdiri dari 3 family dengan 4 spesies. Total keseluruhan kerapatan stasiun yaitu 215.78 batang/hektar, frekuensi 722.22 batang/hektar, tutupan 189.29% dan nilai penting 300 tiap stasiun. Kerapatan dan frekuensi jenis tertinggi ditemukan Rhizopora apicullata, kemudian Avicennia alba, disusul Sonneratia alba dan terendah Sonneratia caseolaris. Tutupan jenis tertinggi diperoleh jenis Sonneratia alba, kemudian Sonneratia caseolaris, disusul  Avicennia alba dan terendah Rhizopora apicullata. Nilai penting tertinggi pada jenis Sonneratia alba, kemudian Rhizopora apicullata, setalah itu Avicennia alba dan terendah adalah jenis Sonneratia caseolaris. Secara umum keseluruhan indeks nilai keanekaragaman jenis mangrove di Pulau Maitara yang diperoleh rendah. Tipe zonasi yang ditemukan bahwa jenis Rhizhopora Sp merupakan penyusun terdepan  hutan  mangrove dari arah laut ke daratan di Pulau Maitara.Luas mangrove yang didapat dari klasifikasi lapangan dan hasil pemetaan sebesar  4.91 hektar. Koreksi data lapangan dan studi literature sebelumnya mengindikasikan telah terjadi penurunan luas mangrove sebesar 1.09 Ha dengan rentan 3 tahun. Sehingga diperlukan pendekatan konservasi dan pengelolaan berkelanjutan untuk kepentingan pelestarian hutan mangrove di Pulau Maitara.

Neuroprotective Potential of Synthetic Mono-Carbonyl Curcumin Analogs Assessed by Molecular Docking Studies

Cognitive decline in dementia is associated with deficiency of the cholinergic system. In this study, five mono-carbonyl curcumin analogs were synthesized, and on the basis of their promising in vitro anticholinesterase activities, they were further investigated for in vivo neuroprotective and memory enhancing effects in scopolamine-induced amnesia using elevated plus maze (EPM) and novel object recognition (NOR) behavioral mice models. The effects of the synthesized compounds on the cholinergic system involvement in the brain hippocampus and their binding mode in the active site of cholinesterases were also determined. Compound h2 (p 0.001) and h3 (p 0.001) significantly inhibited the cholinesterases and reversed the effects of scopolamine by significantly reducing TLT (p 0.001) in EPM, while (p 0.001) increased the time exploring the novel object. The % discrimination index (DI) was significantly increased (p 0.001) in the novel object recognition test. The mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition was further validated through molecular docking study using MOE software. The results obtained from the in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies showed that the synthesized curcumin analogs exhibited significantly higher memory-enhancing potential, and h3 could be an effective neuroprotective agent. However, more study is suggested to explore its exact mechanism of action

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BackgroundUnderstanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally.MethodsThe GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented.FindingsGlobally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]).InterpretationThe leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden