La pratique du metal entre quête individualiste et recherche d’ancrage social

Cet article rend compte des résultats d’une recherche exploratoire ayant pour objectif de comprendre le sens que les musiciens de metal donnent à leur pratique. Les résultats vont révéler la présence marquée, d’une part, d’un besoin de visibilité sociale et d’autonomisation individuelle et, d’autre part, d’un fort désir d’ancrage social. Deux tendances qui paraissent à la fois significatives de l’évolution de nos modes de vie contemporains et dépendantes de l’image que ce style musical colporte au sein de nos sociétés

Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change : UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017

Peer reviewe

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Cohort Profile: Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study

The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study was established to assess the prevalence of chronic airflow obstruction, a key characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and its risk factors in adults (≥40 years) from general populations across the world. The baseline study was conducted between 2003 and 2016, in 41 sites across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, the Caribbean and Oceania, and collected high-quality pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry from 28 828 participants. The follow-up study was conducted between 2019 and 2021, in 18 sites across Africa, Asia, Europe and the Caribbean. At baseline, there were in these sites 12 502 participants with high-quality spirometry. A total of 6452 were followed up, with 5936 completing the study core questionnaire. Of these, 4044 also provided high-quality pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry. On both occasions, the core questionnaire covered information on respiratory symptoms, doctor diagnoses, health care use, medication use and ealth status, as well as potential risk factors. Information on occupation, environmental exposures and diet was also collected

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

Contains fulltext : 172380.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

Les nouvelles masculinités en Suisse : une approche par l’idéologie de genre et la répartition du travail rémunéré et non rémunéré au sein des couples

Cadre de la recherche : Dans les sociétés occidentales postmodernes, des hommes adoptent désormais des comportements traditionnellement étiquetés comme féminins, notamment dans la répartition des rôles autour de l’enfant. En Suisse, l’investissement concret des hommes est toutefois caractérisé, globalement et en comparaison des femmes, par une implication moindre dans les tâches domestiques et familiales, qui diminue encore après la naissance d’un enfant. Objectifs : Partant de ce constat, cet article explore le rapport entre l’idéologie genrée et l’engagement des hommes et des pères dans ce domaine. Méthodologie : À l’aide de modèles statistiques multivariés, notre analyse tente de déterminer si les attitudes envers la vie familiale et l’égalité ont une influence sur l’implication domestique et familiale des hommes. Nous mobilisons pour cela plus de 25 000 entretiens téléphoniques effectués entre 2000 et 2011 dans le cadre du Panel suisse de ménages (PSM). Résultats : Les résultats font ressortir quatre formes de masculinité. « L’homme professionnel » construit sa masculinité essentiellement dans l’investissement professionnel sur le marché du travail et financier au sein du ménage. « L’homme orthodoxe » reste le pourvoyeur principal des revenus, sans pour autant dédaigner les tâches ménagères. Néanmoins, il s’occupe surtout de celles qui sont socialement définies comme étant masculines. « Le traditionnel gestionnaire » a un profil similaire, si ce n’est qu’il prend également en charge des tâches dites négociables, les tâches administratives du ménage. « L’homme inclusif » est celui qui partage le plus le temps de travail rémunéré et non rémunéré avec sa compagne. Conclusions : En définitive, ces différents profils s’expliquent moins par la mise en pratique d’une idéologie de genre que par des facteurs institutionnels ou pragmatiques comme le capital économique et humain à disposition des partenaires.Contribution : En proposant une typologie de l’implication dans le travail non rémunéré d’hommes en Suisse et en examinant de manière empirique plusieurs explications des différences constatées, cet article apporte une contribution originale à la connaissance des masculinités en contexte familial.Research Framework: In postmodern Western society, men have adopted behaviour that is traditionally labelled as being feminine, particularly when it comes to the distribution of child rearing roles. In Switzerland, the tangible investment of men is generally characterized, in comparison to women, by a lesser involvement in domestic and familial tasks, which is reduced further following the birth of a child. Objectives: Using this statement as our starting point, this article explores the relationship between gender ideology and the investment of men and fathers in this area. Methodology: Using multi-variate statistics models, our analysis attempts to determine whether attitudes to family life and equality have an influence on the domestic and familial involvement of men. We conducted over 25,000 telephone interviews between 2000 and 2011 as a part of the Swiss Household Panel (SHP). Results: Our results showed four types of masculinity. The “Professional Man” essentially builds his masculinity through their professional implication in the employment and financial aspects of the household. The “Orthodox Man” remains the main financial provider though they do not eschew domestic tasks. Regardless, they tend to take care of tasks that are socially defined as being masculine. The “Traditional Manager” has a similar profile though they only take charge of tasks that are negotiable such as the administrative aspects of the home. The “Inclusive Man” shares more time between paid and unpaid work with their partner. Conclusions: These different profiles are less explained by the practical application of a gender ideology than by institutional and pragmatic factors such as economic and human capital and the disposition of partners.Contributions: By offering a typology for involvement in unpaid work for Swiss men and by empirically examining several explanations for the stated differences, this article provides an original contribution to the understanding of masculinity in a familial context

Simulation de modèles mécaniques à base topologique à l'aide de règles de transformation de graphes

National audienceCet article présente un cadre général et générique qui combine un modèle mécanique et un modèle topologique (les cartes généralisées) pour l'animation physique d'objets maillés déformables. Ce cadre permet d'utiliser, en 2D ou 3D, plusieurs types de maillages, éventuellement basés sur des mailles élémentaires différentes. Il permet la simulation de nombreux modèles physiques avec des propriétés diverses d'homogénéité et d'isotropie. Toutes les informations mécaniques sont stockées dans le modèle topologique, aucune structure auxiliaire n'est nécessaire. Le logiciel Jerboa a été utilisé car son langage à base de règles a permis un prototypage rapide des différents modèles

A modular approach based on graph transformation to simulate tearing and fractures on various mechanical models

This paper introduces an extension of a general framework that allows the simulation of various mechanical models (discrete or continuous ones, for different kinds of meshes, in any dimension). This framework relies on a topological model and a rule-based language, that performs sub-graph matching and, possibly, transformations. This extension allows topological modifications such as tearing and fractures for all the implemented physical models. A general process has been used to simulate fractures and tearing: the topological transformation is described using the provided rule-based language and its application is triggered when a selected criterion is verified. Several criteria are proposed, that depend upon the strain or stress generated by a single or a set of interactions. This method raises the question of the link between the location where a criterion is applied and the mesh elements involved in a modification. This question has motivated us to design new criteria which are closely related to the mesh modification. Using this method, a minimal number of mechanical data need to be updated after a transformation and any interaction relying on mesh features (vertex, edge, face, volume) that are suppressed or split can be automatically ignored

A general physical-topological framework using rule-based language for physical simulation

International audienceThis paper presents a robust framework that combines a topological model (a generalized map or G-map) and a physical one to simulate deformable objects. The framework is general since it allows a general simulation of deformations (1) in different dimensions (2D or 3D), (2) with different types of meshes (triangular, rectangular, tetrahedral, hexahedral, and combinations of them...) and (3) physical models (mass/spring, linear FEM, co-rotational, mass/tensor). Any mechanical information is stored in the topological model and is used in combination with the neighboring relations to compute the equation of motions. To design this model, we have used JERBOA, a rule-based language relying on graph transformations to handle G-maps. This tool has been helpful to build and test different physical models in a little time