O sistema cap-and-trade de gases de efeito estufa da Califórnia e as tendências para o Brasil

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Carlos Roberto SanquettaMonografia (especialização) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Curso de Especialização em Projetos Sustentáveis, Mudanças Climáticas e Mercado de CarbonoInclui referênciasResumo : A mobilização internacional acerca das mudanças climáticas é uma das maiores ações cooperativas de cunho ambiental das últimas décadas, cujo principal resultado foi a ratificação do Protocolo de Quioto em 2005, que estabeleceu metas de reduções a serem cumpridas em um sistema denominado mercado de carbono. Os Estados Unidos não concordaram com a ratificação deste Protocolo, mas estabeleceram ações de prevenção e mitigação à mudança do clima, tendo sido o Estado da Califórnia o mais representativo no tocante a políticas públicas, com a criação do Ato de Soluções do Aquecimento Global, em 2006. O ato definiu um sistema mandatório para as principais fontes de emissão de gases de efeito estufa do Estado, estipulando metas de redução correspondentes aos níveis encontrados em 1990, a serem cumpridas até 2020. Tal ação resultou na necessidade de criação de um programa de cap-and-trade capaz de regular estas metas, através de mecanismos de mercado. O programa entrou em vigor em Janeiro de 2012 e o primeiro período de comprometimento vai até o ano de 2020, sendo dividido em três fases, compreendidas entre 2013-2014, 2015-2017 e 2018-2020. Para cumprir as metas de reduções, as entidades participantes do esquema contarão com um sistema de permissões, distribuídas sob as formas de alocação deliberada e leilões, e também com a compensação de créditos de carbono, que podem representar até 8% de suas metas totais. Até o momento são aceitas quatro categorias de projeto para obtenção destes créditos de carbono, além dos projetos de ação prévia, e os projetos devem ser desenvolvidos dentro dos Estados Unidos, Canadá ou México. Todavia, a assinatura de um memorando de entendimento entre os Estados do Acre, Chiapas e Califórnia, definiu um grupo de trabalho específico para traçar as bases para projetos de Redução de Emissões por Desmatamento e Degradação (REDD), buscando a sua inclusão nestas categorias de projeto aceitas. Os projetos de REDD representam a abertura do mercado californiano para o Brasil, no intuito de uma colaboração internacional para redução do desmatamento da Amazônia. O potencial desta inserção foi apresentado através de um estudo que analisou a oferta e demanda de créditos de carbono dentro do mercado, considerando as categorias de projeto permitidas e concluiu que haverá carência destes créditos até o final do primeiro período de comprometimento, apontando os projetos de REDD como potenciais supridores de tal demanda. Palavras chave: Califórnia, cap-and-trade, regulamentação, Brasil

Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em solos da Reserva Biológica Municipal Serra dos Toledos, Itajubá/MG

The City Biological Reserve of ‘Serra dos Toledos’ is an important remaining tropical rain forest in south Minas Gerais statewhich has high biodiversity and water resources. Studies related to soil quality are needed in the reserve management plans, which aim to maintain or to improve the environmental sustainability of these areas. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the inoculum potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) in samples of typical soil of that reserve. The quantification of propagules of this microbial group that establishes mutualistic symbiosis with most plant species, it is important for assessing the soil quality of the reserve Three areas inside and one outside  the Reserve were set to study, where soil samples were removed at depth 0 to 10 cm, in two seasons, winter 2008 and summer 2009. The samples were sent to the Laboratory of Microbiology of the University of ‘Itajubá’ for quantification of the following microbiological attributes related to AM fungi: lengths of total and active extra-radical mycelium by the method of induced fluorescence with fluorescein diacetate, density and phenotypic diversity (morphotypes) of spores, percentage and intensity of root colonization. The average results were compared by Duncan 5% and subjected to multivariate analysis. The results showed that the potential for MA fungal inoculum had a higher effect of areas in relation to the studied periods, with greater length of active and total extra-radical mycelium, a higher proportion of active mycelium in relation to the total and a greater diversity of spores in soil from the City Biological Reserve of ‘Serra dos Toledos’, compared to the outside soil under pasture. The inoculum potential is not directly related to the soil fertility, where that outside the reserve, pasture, despite the best fertility were found smaller values of mycelium and diversity of MA fungal spores. A Reserva Biológica Municipal Serra dos Toledos é um importante remanescente de Mata Atlântica no sul de Minas Gerais, com elevada biodiversidade e riqueza em recursos hídricos. Estudos relacionados à qualidade de solos são necessários em planos de manejo de reservas, os quais objetivam manter ou melhorar a sustentabilidade ambiental dessas áreas. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de inóculo de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (MAs) em amostras de solo características desta Reserva. A quantificação de propágulos desse grupo de micro-organismos, que estabelecem simbiose mutualística com a maioria das espécies vegetais é importante para a avaliação da qualidade de solos da Reserva. Foram definidas três áreas internas e uma externa à Reserva, retirando-se amostras de solo na profundidade de 0 a 10 cm, em duas épocas, inverno de 2008 e verão de 2009. As amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Microbiologia da Universidade Federal de Itajubá para quantificação dos seguintes atributos microbiológicos relacionados aos fungos MAs: comprimentos de micélio extrarradicular ativo e total pelo método da fluorescência induzida com diacetato de fluoresceína, densidade e diversidade fenotípica (morfotipos) de esporos, porcentagem e intensidade de colonização radicular. As médias dos resultados foram comparadas por Duncan 5% e submetidas à análise de multivariada. Os resultados mostraram que o potencial de inóculo de fungos MAs apresentou maior efeito das áreas que das épocas estudadas, sendo maior comprimento de micélio extrarradicular ativo e total, maior proporção de micélio ativo em relação ao total e maior diversidade de esporos obtidos nos solos dentro da Reserva Biológica Municipal Serra dos Toledos, em relação ao solo externo à mesma, sob pastagem. O potencial de inóculo não está diretamente relacionado à fertilidade do solo, ou seja, no solo externo à Reserva, sob pastagem, apesar da melhor fertilidade, foram encontrados os menores valores de micélio e diversidade de esporos de fungos MAs

An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

Peer reviewe

Bose-Einstein correlations of charged hadrons in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt s = 13 TeV

Bose-Einstein correlations of charged hadrons are measured over a broad multiplicity range, from a few particles up to about 250 reconstructed charged hadrons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. The results are based on data collected using the CMS detector at the LHC during runs with a special low-pileup configuration. Three analysis techniques with different degrees of dependence on simulations are used to remove the non-Bose-Einstein background from the correlation functions. All three methods give consistent results. The measured lengths of homogeneity are studied as functions of particle multiplicity as well as average pair transverse momentum and mass. The results are compared with data from both CMS and ATLAS at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV, as well as with theoretical predictions.[graphic not available: see fulltext]Bose-Einstein correlations of charged hadrons are measured over a broad multiplicity range, from a few particles up to about 250 reconstructed charged hadrons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV. The results are based on data collected using the CMS detector at the LHC during runs with a special low-pileup configuration. Three analysis techniques with different degrees of dependence on simulations are used to remove the non-Bose-Einstein background from the correlation functions. All three methods give consistent results. The measured lengths of homogeneity are studied as functions of particle multiplicity as well as average pair transverse momentum and mass. The results are compared with data from both CMS and ATLAS at $\sqrt{s} =$ 7 TeV, as well as with theoretical predictions

Search for Physics beyond the Standard Model in Events with Overlapping Photons and Jets

Results are reported from a search for new particles that decay into a photon and two gluons, in events with jets. Novel jet substructure techniques are developed that allow photons to be identified in an environment densely populated with hadrons. The analyzed proton-proton collision data were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in 2016 at root s = 13 TeV, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The spectra of total transverse hadronic energy of candidate events are examined for deviations from the standard model predictions. No statistically significant excess is observed over the expected background. The first cross section limits on new physics processes resulting in such events are set. The results are interpreted as upper limits on the rate of gluino pair production, utilizing a simplified stealth supersymmetry model. The excluded gluino masses extend up to 1.7 TeV, for a neutralino mass of 200 GeV and exceed previous mass constraints set by analyses targeting events with isolated photons.Peer reviewe

Search for dark matter in events with a leptoquark and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV

A search is presented for dark matter in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of root s= 13 TeV using events with at least one high transverse momentum (p(T)) muon, at least one high-p(T) jet, and large missing transverse momentum. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016 and 2017, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 77.4 fb(-1). In the examined scenario, a pair of scalar leptoquarks is assumed to be produced. One leptoquark decays to a muon and a jet while the other decays to dark matter and low-p(T) standard model particles. The signature for signal events would be significant missing transverse momentum from the dark matter in conjunction with a peak at the leptoquark mass in the invariant mass distribution of the highest p(T) muon and jet. The data are observed to be consistent with the background predicted by the standard model. For the first benchmark scenario considered, dark matter masses up to 500 GeV are excluded for leptoquark masses m(LQ) approximate to 1400 GeV, and up to 300 GeV for m(LQ) approximate to 1500 GeV. For the second benchmark scenario, dark matter masses up to 600 GeV are excluded for m(LQ) approximate to 1400 GeV. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Search for an L-mu - L-tau gauge boson using Z -> 4 mu events in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search for a narrow Z' gauge boson with a mass between 5 and 70 GeV resulting from an L-mu - L-tau U (1) local gauge symmetry is reported. Theories that predict such a particle have been proposed as an explanation of various experimental discrepancies, including the lack of a dark matter signal in direct-detection experiments, tension in the measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, and reports of possible lepton flavor universality violation in B meson decays. A data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV is used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 77.3 fb(-1) recorded in 2016 and 2017 by the CMS detector at the LHC. Events containing four muons with an invariant mass near the standard model Z boson mass are analyzed, and the selection is further optimized to be sensitive to the events that may contain Z -> Z'mu mu -> 4 mu decays. The event yields are consistent with the standard model predictions. Upper limits of 10(-8)-10(-7) at 95% confidence level are set on the product of branching fractions B(Z -> Z'mu mu)B(Z' -> mu mu), depending on the Z' mass, which excludes a Z' boson coupling strength to muons above 0.004-0.3. These are the first dedicated limits on L-mu - L-tau models at the LHC and result in a significant increase in the excluded model parameter space. The results of this search may also be used to constrain the coupling strength of any light Z' gauge boson to muons. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Measurement of electroweak WZ boson production and search for new physics in WZ + two jets events in pp collisions at √s=13TeV

A measurement of WZ electroweak (EW) vector boson scattering is presented. The measurement is performed in the leptonic decay modes WZ→ℓνℓ′ℓ′, where ℓ,ℓ′=e,μ. The analysis is based on a data sample of proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV at the LHC collected with the CMS detector and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The WZ plus two jet production cross section is measured in fiducial regions with enhanced contributions from EW production and found to be consistent with standard model predictions. The EW WZ production in association with two jets is measured with an observed (expected) significance of 2.2 (2.5) standard deviations. Constraints on charged Higgs boson production and on anomalous quartic gauge couplings in terms of dimension-eight effective field theory operators are also presented

Measurement of the t(t)over-bar production cross section, the top quark mass, and the strong coupling constant using dilepton events in pp collisions at root s=13TeV

A measurement of the top quark-antiquark pair production cross section sigma(t (t) over bar) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016. Dilepton events (e(+/-) mu(-/+), mu(+) mu(-), e(+) e(-)) are selected and the cross section is measured from a likelihood fit. For a top quark mass parameter in the simulation of m(t)(MC) = 172.5 GeV the fit yields a measured cross section sigma(t (t) over bar) = 803 +/- 2 (stat) +/- 25 (syst) +/- 20 (lumi) pb, in agreement with the expectation from the standard model calculation at next-to-next-to-leading order. A simultaneous fit of the cross section and the top quark mass parameter in the POWHEG simulation is performed. The measured value of m(t)(MC) = 172.33 +/- 0.14 (stat)(-0.72)(+0.66) (syst) GeV is in good agreement with previous measurements. The resulting cross section is used, together with the theoretical prediction, to determine the top quark mass and to extract a value of the strong coupling constant with different sets of parton distribution functions.Peer reviewe