Klimaschutzfunktionen von Bodennutzungen – Eine Erfassungs- und Bewertungsmethode auf Regionalebene

Böden sind Kohlenstoffspeicher größter Bedeutung. Die jeweilige Landnutzung bestimmt in erheblichem Umfang, wie sehr ihre Funktion als C-Quelle, C-Senke und C-Speicher realisiert wird. Um auf der Regionalebene (M 1:50.000) diese Funktionserfüllung zu erfassen und zu bewerten, wurde das Untersuchungsgebiet Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim, Niedersachsen bearbeitet (Methodik nach Saathoff et al. 2012). Ca. 20 % der Flächen im Landkreis bieten Potentiale für erhöhte C-Speicherung und sollten in weiteren Planungsschritten entsprechend berücksichtigt werden. Z.B. durch die aktuelle Änderung des Landes-Raumordnungsprogrammes, mit der u.a. die Ausweisung und räumliche Übernahme von Vorranggebieten (VRG) zur Torferhaltung und Moorentwicklung verbunden ist. Schlussfolgerungen: Insgesamt kann die verwendete (und ergänzte) Methodik einen schnellen Überblick über die Klimaschutzfunktionen der Böden auf der regionalen Ebene verschaffen. Des Weiteren wird die Bedeutung der Landschaftsrahmenplanung (LRP) deutlich, so ist eine Integration mit vielen Synergien und wenigen Konflikten möglich. Eine Auswertung z.B. der Biotoptypen oder sonstiger Land-nutzungsdaten ausschließlich über eine GIS-Analyse ist zu ungenau. Es bedarf zusätzlicher Validierungen vor Ort um zu gesicherten Datengrundlagen zu kommen. Unsicherheiten bestehen hinsichtlich der Bestimmung von Kohlenstoffvorräten insbesondere von Moorbiotopen (Torfmächtigkeit) sowie der Verortung von für den Klima-schutz relevanten Flächen, etwa durch einen sehr dynamischen Grünlandumbruch

Einfluss des Wassergehaltes auf das an der Bodenoberfläche messbare Gamma-Spektrum: Durchführung eines Austrocknungsversuches im Feld

Die Gammaspektrometrie ermöglicht die nicht-invasive Ermittlung verschiedener Elementgehalte im Boden auf Grundlage natürlicher Radionuklide wie 40-Kalium, 238-Uran und 232-Thorium. Da Wasser die Gammastrahlung abschwächt, können räumlich variable Bodenwassergehalte die Interpretation gammaspektrometrischer Erkundungen erschweren. Die Stärke der daraus resultierenden Ab- schwächung ist von der Bodenzusammensetzung und der Photonenenergie selbst abhängig. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war, durch einen Austrocknungsversuch unter realen Be- dingungen im Feld, den Einfluss des Bodenwassergehaltes auf das an der Bodenoberfläche messbare Gammaspektrum zu quantifizieren. Dafür wurde ein Bodenzylinder (r = 0,9 m) angelegt und mit Folie vom umgebenden Boden separiert. Nach Aufsättigung wurde das Gammaspektrum über drei Monate während der Austrocknungsphase unter natürlichen Verdunstungsbedingungen an der Bodenoberfläche gemessen. Die Gammastrahlung nahm über den Versuchszeitraum um ca. ein Drittel zu. Regressionsanalysen lassen lineare Abhängigkeiten für Kalium und Thorium erkennen. Aussagen zu Uran und der Gesamtstrahlung ("Total Counts") sind vermutlich aufgrund eines säkularen Un- gleichgewichtes in der Uran-Zerfallsreihe (Radon-Akkumulation) nicht möglich. Die Ergebnisse bilden eine erste Grundlage für mögliche Korrekturverfahren

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Search for heavy resonances decaying to two Higgs bosons in final states containing four b quarks

A search is presented for narrow heavy resonances X decaying into pairs of Higgs bosons (H) in proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 8 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). The search considers HH resonances with masses between 1 and 3 TeV, having final states of two b quark pairs. Each Higgs boson is produced with large momentum, and the hadronization products of the pair of b quarks can usually be reconstructed as single large jets. The background from multijet and t (t) over bar events is significantly reduced by applying requirements related to the flavor of the jet, its mass, and its substructure. The signal would be identified as a peak on top of the dijet invariant mass spectrum of the remaining background events. No evidence is observed for such a signal. Upper limits obtained at 95 confidence level for the product of the production cross section and branching fraction sigma(gg -> X) B(X -> HH -> b (b) over barb (b) over bar) range from 10 to 1.5 fb for the mass of X from 1.15 to 2.0 TeV, significantly extending previous searches. For a warped extra dimension theory with amass scale Lambda(R) = 1 TeV, the data exclude radion scalar masses between 1.15 and 1.55 TeV

Measurement of the top quark mass using charged particles in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV

Peer reviewe

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

Peer reviewe