Valorisation of lignin – Achievements of the LignoValue project

Lignocellulosic biorefinery for production of biofuels, materials and chemicals requires valorization of all fractions including lignin. As a consequence of its poly-aromatic structure, lignin potentially serves as a source for aromatic chemicals. The developed biorefinery concept of the LignoValue project comprises two major steps: (1) Organosolv fractionation of wheat straw and willow into (hemi)cellulose and high purity lignin. (2) Further conversion of the isolated lignin via catalytic pyrolysis, supercritical depolymerization and partial hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) into different components like low molecular phenolic compounds, wood adhesives and fuel additives. The cellulose fraction resulting after organosolv fractionation is effectively hydrolysed by enzymes for biofuel production. Quality assessment of the liberated lignins shows interesting characteristics for follow-up chemistry such as high purity, relatively low molar mass and polydispersity. Catalytic pyrolysis in a fluidised bed at 400-500°C was found to convert organosolv lignin in 35-55% phenolic oil, 10% identified monomeric phenolic compounds, 10-20% water, 5-20% gas and 35-55% char. Supercritical depolymerisation of lignin in carbon dioxide based solvents resulted in a similar spectrum of products, however, at a lower temperature (ca 300°C) but at higher pressures. In both thermochemical processes the use of promotors or catalysts lead to an improved yield of the target monomeric aromatic products. Also the residual char fraction shows interesting properties for use in bio-char applications. Catalytic semi-continuous HDO of lignin in hydrogen atmosphere can be manipulated to yield both light oils or heavy oils as potential additives to fuels. Suitable catalysts were found to convert depolymerised lignin to phenolic oils in high yields. In this process no char formation is observed. The lignin oils were successfully tested on lab scale as partial substitution of phenol in resins for gluing wood panels. The LignoValue concept is critically reviewed in a techno-economic analysis demonstrating the potential for further commercial development and adoptation of this innovative biorefinery process in Europe

Multiple Parton Interactions, top--antitop and W+4j production at the LHC

The expected rate for Multiple Parton Interactions (MPI) at the LHC is large. This requires an estimate of their impact on all measurement foreseen at the LHC while opening unprecendented opportunities for a detailed study of these phenomena. In this paper we examine the MPI background to top-antitop production, in the semileptonic channel, in the early phase of data taking when the full power of $b$--tagging will not be available. The MPI background turns out to be small but non negligible, of the order of 20% of the background provided by W+4j production through a Single Parton Interaction. We then analyze the possibility of studying Multiple Parton Interactions in the W+4j channel, a far more complicated setting than the reactions examined at lower energies. The MPI contribution turns out to be dominated by final states with two energetic jets which balance in transverse momentum, and it appears possible, thanks to the good angular resolution of ATLAS and CMS, to separate the Multiple Parton Interactions contribution from Single Parton Interaction processes. The large cross section for two jet production suggests that also Triple Parton Interactions (TPI) could provide a non negligible contribution. Our preliminary analysis suggests that it might be indeed possible to investigate TPI at the LHC.Comment: Typos fixed. Published in JHE

Electro-oxidative depolymerisation of technical lignin in water using platinum, nickel oxide hydroxide and graphite electrodes

In order to improve the lignin exploitation to added-value bioproducts, a mild chemical conversion route based on electrochemistry was investigated. For the first time, soda lignin Protobind™ 1000 (technical lignin from the pulp & paper industry) was studied by cyclic voltammetry to preliminarily investigate the effect of the main reaction parameters, such as the type of electrode material (platinum, nickel oxide hydroxide, graphite), the pH (12, 13, 14), the scan rate (10, 50, 100, 250 mV s-1), the substrate concentration (2, 20 g L-1) and the oxidation/reduction potential (from -0.8 to +0.8 V). Under the optimal reaction conditions among those tested (NiOOH electrode, pH 14, lignin 20 g L-1, 0.4 V), the electro-oxidative depolymerisation of lignin by electrolysis was performed in a divided cell. The reaction products were identified and quantified by ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The main products were sinapic acid, vanillin, vanillic acid, and acetovanillone. The obtained preliminary results demonstrated the potential feasibility of this innovative electrochemical route for lignin valorisation for the production of bio-aromatic chemicals

NT-proBNP level before primary PCI and risk of poor myocardial reperfusion: Insight from the On-TIME II trial.

Background N-terminal fragment of the brain natriuretic peptide prohormone (NT-proBNP), a marker for neurohumoral activation, has been associated with adverse outcome in patients with myocardial infarction. NT-proBNP levels may reflect extensive ischemia and microvascular damage, therefore we investigated the potential association between baseline NTproBNP level and ST-resolution (STR), a marker of myocardial reperfusion, after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).Methods we performed a post-hoc analysis of the On-TIME II trial (which randomized ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients to pre-hospital tirofiban administration vs placebo). Patients with measured NT-proBNP before angiography were included. Multivariate logistic-regression analyses was performed to investigate the association between baseline NTproBNP level and STR one hour after pPCI.Results Out of 984 STEMI patients, 918 (93.3%) had NT-proBNP values at baseline. Patients with STR 70% had higher NT-proBNP values compared to patients with complete STR (70%) [Mean +/- SD 375.2 +/- 1021.7 vs 1007.4 +/- 2842.3, Median (IQR) 111.7 (58.4-280.0) vs 168.0 (62.3-601.3), P < .001]. At multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors associated with higher risk of poor myocardial reperfusion (STR < 70%) were: NT-proBNP (OR 1.17, 95%CI 1.041.31, P = .009), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.87, 95%CI 1.14-3.07, P = .013), anterior infarct location (OR 2.74, 95% CI 2.00-3.77, P < .001), time to intervention (OR 1.06, 95%CI 1.01-1.11, P = .021), randomisation to placebo (OR 1.45, 95%CI 1.05-1.99, P = .022).Conclusions In STEMI patients, higher baseline NT-proBNP level was independently associate with higher risk of poor myocardial reper fusion, suppor ting the potential use of NT-proBNP as an early marker for risk stratification of myocardial reperfusion after pPCI in STEMI patients

Randomised controlled trial of adjunctive inspiratory muscle training for patients with COPD.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate whether adjunctive inspiratory muscle training (IMT) can enhance the well-established benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in patients with COPD. METHODS: 219 patients with COPD (FEV1: 42%±16% predicted) with inspiratory muscle weakness (PImax: 51±15 cm H2O) were randomised into an intervention group (IMT+PR; n=110) or a control group (Sham-IMT+PR; n=109) in this double-blind, multicentre randomised controlled trial between February 2012 and October 2016 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01397396). Improvement in 6 min walking distance (6MWD) was a priori defined as the primary outcome. Prespecified secondary outcomes included respiratory muscle function and endurance cycling time. FINDINGS: No significant differences between the intervention group (n=89) and the control group (n=85) in improvements in 6MWD were observed (0.3 m, 95% CI -13 to 14, p=0.967). Patients who completed assessments in the intervention group achieved larger gains in inspiratory muscle strength (effect size: 1.07, p<0.001) and endurance (effect size: 0.79, p<0.001) than patients in the control group. 75 s additional improvement in endurance cycling time (95% CI 1 to 149, p=0.048) and significant reductions in Borg dyspnoea score at isotime during the cycling test (95% CI -1.5 to -0.01, p=0.049) were observed in the intervention group. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in respiratory muscle function after adjunctive IMT did not translate into additional improvements in 6MWD (primary outcome). Additional gains in endurance time and reductions in symptoms of dyspnoea were observed during an endurance cycling test (secondary outcome) TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01397396; Results

Fractional Flow Reserve\u2013Guided Deferred Versus Complete Revascularization in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

To assess the safety and efficacy of deferred versus complete revascularization using a fractional flow reserve (FFR)\u2013guided strategy in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), we analyzed all DM patients who underwent FFR-guided revascularization from January 1, 2010, to December 12, 2013. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with 651 remaining FFR-negative (>0.80) medically treated lesions [FFR( 12)MT] and those with only FFR-positive lesions ( 640.80) who underwent complete revascularization [FFR(+)CR] and were followed until July 1, 2015. The primary end point was the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion (FFR assessed) revascularization, and rehospitalization for acute coronary syndrome. A total of 294 patients, 205 (69.7%) versus 89 (30.3%) in FFR( 12)MT and FFR(+)CR, respectively, were analyzed. At a mean follow-up of 32.6 \ub1 18.1\ua0months, FFR( 12)MT was associated with higher MACE rate 44.0% versus 26.6% (log-rank p\ua0=\ua00.02, Cox regression\u2013adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21 to 3.33, p\ua0<0.01), and\ua0driven by both safety and efficacy end points: death/MI (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.86, p\ua0= 0.03), rehospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.10, p\ua0= 0.04), and target lesion revascularization (HR 3.38, 95% CI 1.19 to 9.64, p\ua0= 0.02). Previous MI was a strong effect modifier within the FFR( 12)MT group (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.13, p <0.01), whereas this was not the case in the FFR(+)CR group (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.62, p\ua0= 0.37). Significant interaction for MACE was present between FFR groups and previous MI (p\ua0= 0.03). In conclusion, in patients with DM, particularly those\ua0with previous MI, deferred revascularization is associated with poor medium-term outcomes. Combining FFR with imaging techniques may be required to guide our treatment strategy in these patients with high-risk, fast-progressing atherosclerosis

Single hadron response measurement and calorimeter jet energy scale uncertainty with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

The uncertainty on the calorimeter energy response to jets of particles is derived for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). First, the calorimeter response to single isolated charged hadrons is measured and compared to the Monte Carlo simulation using proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of sqrt(s) = 900 GeV and 7 TeV collected during 2009 and 2010. Then, using the decay of K_s and Lambda particles, the calorimeter response to specific types of particles (positively and negatively charged pions, protons, and anti-protons) is measured and compared to the Monte Carlo predictions. Finally, the jet energy scale uncertainty is determined by propagating the response uncertainty for single charged and neutral particles to jets. The response uncertainty is 2-5% for central isolated hadrons and 1-3% for the final calorimeter jet energy scale.Comment: 24 pages plus author list (36 pages total), 23 figures, 1 table, submitted to European Physical Journal

Standalone vertex finding in the ATLAS muon spectrometer

A dedicated reconstruction algorithm to find decay vertices in the ATLAS muon spectrometer is presented. The algorithm searches the region just upstream of or inside the muon spectrometer volume for multi-particle vertices that originate from the decay of particles with long decay paths. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using both a sample of simulated Higgs boson events, in which the Higgs boson decays to long-lived neutral particles that in turn decay to bbar b final states, and pp collision data at √s = 7 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC during 2011

Measurements of Higgs boson production and couplings in diboson final states with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

Measurements are presented of production properties and couplings of the recently discovered Higgs boson using the decays into boson pairs, H →γ γ, H → Z Z∗ →4l and H →W W∗ →lνlν. The results are based on the complete pp collision data sample recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at centre-of-mass energies of √s = 7 TeV and √s = 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 25 fb−1. Evidence for Higgs boson production through vector-boson fusion is reported. Results of combined fits probing Higgs boson couplings to fermions and bosons, as well as anomalous contributions to loop-induced production and decay modes, are presented. All measurements are consistent with expectations for the Standard Model Higgs boson

Measurement of the top quark pair cross section with ATLAS in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV using final states with an electron or a muon and a hadronically decaying τ lepton

A measurement of the cross section of top quark pair production in proton-proton collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is reported. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.05 fb -1. Events with an isolated electron or muon and a τ lepton decaying hadronically are used. In addition, a large missing transverse momentum and two or more energetic jets are required. At least one of the jets must be identified as originating from a b quark. The measured cross section, σtt-=186±13(stat.)±20(syst.)±7(lumi.) pb, is in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction