Immobilization of Bacillus Subtilis E6-5 Protease and Commercial Protease in Nanofibrils Containing Different Amino Acids

DergiPark: 633788trkjnatBu çalışmada, elektrospin yöntemiyle yüksek yüzey alanına sahip, glisin, tirozin ve glutamik asit aminoasitleri ile oluşturulmuş poliamid 6 polimer yüzeyler üretilmiş ve liyofilize Bacillus subtilis E6-5 proteaz ve ticari proteaz enzimleri nanofibriller üzerinde immobilize edilmiştir. Enzimlerin yeniden kullanılabilirliği araştırıldı. Enzimlerin immobilizasyon verimlilikleri yaklaşık olarak % 50-55 arasındaydı. Liyofilize Bacillus proteazı ile yapılan çalışmalarda glutaraldehitle aktifleştirilmiş PA6 nanolifler ve glutaraldehitle aktifleştirilmeyen PA6 nanoliflerde glutamik asit aminoasidi varlığında immobilizasyonun daha başarılı olduğu saptanmıştır. Glutaraldehit ile aktifleştirilmemiş ve aktifleştirilmiş yüzeylerde immobilize edilen liyofilize proteaz enziminin 4 kez kullanımı olmasına rağmen, en iyi işlevsel stabilite 2 kez kullanım ile elde edilmiştir. Saf PA6/glutamik asit nanoliflerinde iki tekrarlı kullanım sonucu enzimin immobilizasyon verimi % 38 olarak bulunmuştur. Glutaraldehitle aktifleştirilmiş PA6 nanoliflerde de PA6/glutamik asit nanolif yüzeyleri iki tekrarlı kullanım sonucu enzimin immobilizasyon verimi % 65 olarak bulunmuştur. Nanoliflerin glutaraldehitle aktifleştirmesi sonucu enzim immobilizasyon verimi iki kat arttırılmıştır. Ticari proteaz ile yapılan çalışmalarda ise glutaraldehitle aktifleştirilmemiş nanolif yüzeylerde enzimin 6 kez kullanımı olmasına rağmen en işlevsel stabilite 3 tekrarlı kullanımda elde edilmiştir. En başarılı immobilizasyon verimi PA6 nanoliflerde % 58 olarak bulunmuştur. Glutaraldehitle aktifleştirilmiş PA6 nanoliflerde de enzim 6 kez kullanım bulmuş fakat işlevsel stabilite 4 tekrarlı kullanıma kadar korunmuştur.In this study, polyamide 6 polymer surfaces that have a high surface area were produced by electrospinning method with the participation of Glycine, Tyrosine and Glutamic acid amino acids, and lyophilized Bacillus subtilis E6-5 protease and commercial protease enzymes were immobilized on nanofibrils. Enzyme reusability were investigated. The immobilization efficiencies of the enzymes were approximately between 50-55 %. In studies with lyophilized Bacillus protease, glutaraldehyde activated PA6 nanofibrils and glutaraldehyde unactivated PA6 nanofibrils were found to be more immobilized in the presence of Glutamic acid. Although the lyophilized protease enzyme immobilized on non-glutaraldehyde activated and activated surfaces has been used 4 times, the best functional stability has been achieved with 2 times use. In pure PA6/Glutamic acid nanofibrils, the immobilization yield of the two times used enzymes was found to be 38 %. In glutaraldehyde-activated PA6 nanofibrils, the PA6/Glutamic acid nanofibril surfaces were found to have 65 % immobilization yield of the two repetitive used enzymes. The enzyme immobilization efficiency has been doubled by glutaraldehyde activation of the nanofibrils. In studies with commercial protease, the most functional stability was obtained for 3 repeated uses, although the enzyme was used 6 times on the non-glutaraldehyde activated nanofibril surfaces. The most successful immobilization was found in 58 % of PA6 nanofibrils. In glutaraldehyde-activated PA6 nanofibrils, the enzyme was found to be used 6 times, but the functional stability was maintained as much as 4 times of repeated use

Bearing capacity of strip footing on reinforced layered granular soils

In this study a limit equilibrium method is proposed to determine the bearing capacity of strip foundations on geosynthetic reinforced sand soils. A two-layered granular soil was foreseen to represent the loose in situ soil and the compacted fill above the reinforcement. First the modified bearing capacity factors Nq and Nγ were derived for the two layered granular reinforced soil. The bearing capacities were also calculated for different reinforcement geometries and soil properties using Finite Element analyses. The bearing capacities obtained from Finite Element and Limit Equilibrium analyses were compared, it was seen a good agreement. Therefore, it was concluded that the new limit equilibrium method proposed in this paper for reinforced two-layered soils can be successfully used in calculating the bearing capacities of geosynthetic reinforced soils

Assessment of shear bond strength and microleakage of fissure sealant following enamel deproteinization : an in vitro study

To evaluate the effect of two different deproteinizing agents (5.25% sodium hypochlorite and Papacarie®) prior to acid etching on the shear bond strength and microleakage of a fissure sealant material. A total of 123 extracted noncarious human third molar teeth were randomly divided into three groups for each test: acid etching alone (control) (C), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and Papacarie Duo® (PC). The shear bond strength tests were performed using a universal testing machine, and microleakage was evaluated using a dye penetration method. The mean shear bond strength values obtained in Group C were significantly lower than those of Group NaOCl and Group PC (p=0.0001). There were no significant differences between Group NaOCl and Group PC (p>0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed among the groups in terms of microleakage (p>0.05). Papacarie Duo® and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite treatments before etching increased the shear bond strength of the fissure sealant. However, pre-treatment with these agents did not decrease the microleakage between teeth and sealant

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Phenols incorporating 2- or 3-pyridyl-ethenylcarbonyl and tertiary amine moieties strongly inhibit Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-carbonic anhydrase

A series of phenols incorporating tertiary amine and trans-pyridylethenyl-carbonyl moieties were assayed as inhibitors of the beta-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ScCA. One of these compounds was a low nanomolar ScCA inhibitor, whereas the remaining ones inhibited the enzyme with K(I)s in the range of 23.5-95.4 nM. The off-target human (h) isoforms hCA I and hCA II were much less inhibited by these phenols, with K(I)s in the range of 0.78-23.5 mu M (hCA I) and 10.8-52.4 mu M (hCA II). The model organism S. cerevisiae and this particular enzyme may be useful for detecting antifungals with a novel mechanism of action compared to the classical azole drugs to which significant drug resistance emerged

Supramolecular peptide nanofiber morphology affects mechanotransduction of stem cells

Chirality and morphology are essential factors for protein function and interactions with other biomacromolecules. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are also similar to other proteins in this sense; however, the complexity of the natural ECM makes it difficult to study these factors at the cellular level. The synthetic peptide nanomaterials harbor great promise in mimicking specific ECM molecules as model systems. In this work, we demonstrate that mechanosensory responses of stem cells are directly regulated by the chirality and morphology of ECM-mimetic peptide nanofibers with strictly controlled characteristics. Structural signals presented on l-amino acid containing cylindrical nanofibers (l-VV) favored the formation of integrin β1-based focal adhesion complexes, which increased the osteogenic potential of stem cells through the activation of nuclear YAP. On the other hand, twisted ribbon-like nanofibers (l-FF and d-FF) guided the cells into round shapes and decreased the formation of focal adhesion complexes, which resulted in the confinement of YAP proteins in the cytosol and a corresponding decrease in osteogenic potential. Interestingly, the d-form of twisted-ribbon like nanofibers (d-FF) increased the chondrogenic potential of stem cells more than their l-form (l-FF). Our results provide new insights into the importance and relevance of morphology and chirality of nanomaterials in their interactions with cells and reveal that precise control over the chemical and physical properties of nanostructures can affect stem cell fate even without the incorporation of specific epitopes

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe