Sunscreen Effects In Skin Analyzed By Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

In the photoacoustic technique, the signal is proportional to the heat produced in a sample as a consequence of modulated light absorption. This technique allows the spectroscopic characterization of multilayer systems: as the thermal diffusion length varies with the light modulation frequency, one can obtain the depth profile of the sample by analyzing the frequency-dependence of the signal. As the photoacoustic signal depends on thermal and optical properties of the sample, structural changes in the system under analysis account for signal variations in time. In this work, photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to characterize samples of sunscreen and the system formed by sunscreen plus skin. Measurements used a 1000W Xe arc lamp as light source, for wavelengths between 240nm and 400nm. This range corresponds to most of the UV radiation that reaches Earth. Skin samples were disks of about 0,5cm diameter. The absorption spectrum of sunscreen was obtained. Finally, photoacoustics was employed to monitor the absorption kinetics of the sunscreen applied to skin samples. This was done by applying sunscreen in a skin sample and recording the photoacoustic spectra in regular time intervals, up to 90 minutes after application. According to measurements, light absorption by the sunscreen plus skin system stabilizes between 25 and 45 minutes after sunscreen application. Results show that this technique can be utilized to monitor drug delivery and farmacokinetics in skin samples.5325143149Barja, P.R., (1996) Estudo da Indução Fotossintética Através da Técnica Fotoacústica: Efeitos de Saturação e Fotoinibição, , (master thesis), IFGW, UNICAMPRosencwaig, A., (1980) Photoacoustics and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, pp. 219-231. , New York, John Wiley & SonsPucceti, G., Leblanc, R.M., A comparative study on chromophore diffusion inside porous filters by pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy (1996) Journal of Membrane Science, 119, pp. 213-228Gutiérrez-Juárez, G., Vargas-Luna, M., Córdova, T., In vivo measurement of the human skin absorption of topically applied substances by photoacoustic technique (2002) Physiological Measurement, 23, pp. 1-12Bernengo, J.C., Photoacoustics as a tool for cutaneous permeation studies (1998) High Temperatures-high Pressures, 30, pp. 619-624Azevedo, J.S., UVA/UVB sunscreen determination by second-order derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry (1999) II Farmaco, 54, pp. 573-578Rettberg, P., Horneck, G., Biologically weighted measurement of UV radiation in space on Earth with the biofilm technique (2000) Advanced Space Research, 26, pp. 2005-2014Van Der Leun, J.C., UV radiation from sunlight: Summary, conclusions and recommendations (1996) Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 35, pp. 237-2441Wolf, R., Sunscreens (2001) Clinics in Dermatology, 19, pp. 452-45

Measurement of the cross section for isolated-photon plus jet production in pp collisions at √s=13 TeV using the ATLAS detector

The dynamics of isolated-photon production in association with a jet in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV are studied with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using a dataset with an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb−1. Photons are required to have transverse energies above 125 GeV. Jets are identified using the anti- algorithm with radius parameter and required to have transverse momenta above 100 GeV. Measurements of isolated-photon plus jet cross sections are presented as functions of the leading-photon transverse energy, the leading-jet transverse momentum, the azimuthal angular separation between the photon and the jet, the photon–jet invariant mass and the scattering angle in the photon–jet centre-of-mass system. Tree-level plus parton-shower predictions from Sherpa and Pythia as well as next-to-leading-order QCD predictions from Jetphox and Sherpa are compared to the measurements

A search for resonances decaying into a Higgs boson and a new particle X in the XH → qqbb final state with the ATLAS detector

A search for heavy resonances decaying into a Higgs boson (H) and a new particle (X) is reported, utilizing 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data at collected during 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The particle X is assumed to decay to a pair of light quarks, and the fully hadronic final state is analysed. The search considers the regime of high XH resonance masses, where the X and H bosons are both highly Lorentz-boosted and are each reconstructed using a single jet with large radius parameter. A two-dimensional phase space of XH mass versus X mass is scanned for evidence of a signal, over a range of XH resonance mass values between 1 TeV and 4 TeV, and for X particles with masses from 50 GeV to 1000 GeV. All search results are consistent with the expectations for the background due to Standard Model processes, and 95% CL upper limits are set, as a function of XH and X masses, on the production cross-section of the resonance

Search for an invisibly decaying Higgs boson or dark matter candidates produced in association with a Z boson in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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Search for exclusive Higgs and Z boson decays to ϕγ and ργ with the ATLAS detector

A search for the exclusive decays of the Higgs and Z bosons to a φ or ρ meson and a photon is performed with a pp collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 35.6 fb−1 collected at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. These decays have been suggested as a probe of the Higgs boson couplings to light quarks. No significant excess of events is observed above the background, as expected from the Standard Model. Upper limits at 95% confidence level were obtained on the branching fractions of the Higgs boson decays to φγ and ργ of 4.8 × 10−4 and 8.8 × 10−4, respectively. The corresponding 95% confidence level upper limits for the Z boson decays are 0.9 × 10−6 and 25 × 10−6 for φγ and ργ, respectively

In vivo evaluation of drug delivery after ultrasound application: A new use for the photoacoustic technique

Ultrasound application is a therapeutical resource widely employed in physiotherapy. One of its applications is the phonophoresis, a technique in which the ultrasound radiation is utilized to deliver drugs through the skin to soft tissues. The proposal of our study was to employ the Photoacoustic Technique to evaluate the efficacy of such treatment, analyzing if phonophoresis could enhance drug delivery through skin when compared to the more traditional method of manual massage. The configuration of the system employed was such that it was possible to perform in vivo measurements, which is a pre-requisite for this kind of study. The changes observed in the photoacoustic signal amplitude after each form of drug application were attributed to changes in the thermal effusivity of the system, due to penetration of the drug. The technique was able to detect differences in drug delivery between the specified physiotherapy treatments, indicating that phonophoresis enhances drug absorption by tissue

Sunscreen effects in skin analyzed by photoacoustic spectroscopy

In this work, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) was employed to characterize samples of commercially available sunscreen (SPF15) and the system formed by sunscreen plus skin (topically applied sunscreen). Measurements were performed at 70Hz, in the wavelength range that corresponds to most of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches Earth. The absorption spectrum of sunscreen was obtained in vitro and in situ., showing that the sunscreen analyzed presents an effective absorption of the UV radiation After that, the PAS technique was used to monitor the absorption kinetics of sunscreen applied to human skin (abdomen) samples, characterizing alterations in the human skin after application of sunscreen. This was done by applying the sunscreen in a skin sample and recording the absorption spectra in regular time intervals, up to 90 minutes after application. Measurements show that light absorption by the system sunscreen plus skin stabilizes between 25 and 45 minutes after sunscreen application. This agrees with the instructions given by the producers about the need of applying the sunscreen at least 30 minutes before sun exposition. The requirement to periodically reapply the sunscreen is confirmed by the progressive decrease in the level of UV absorption as a function of time

Characterization of human skin through photoacoustic spectroscopy

The photoacoustic (PA) technique is based on the absorption of modulated or pulsed light by a sample with subsequent heat generation, generating thermal waves that propagate in the surrounding media. Such waves produce the pressure oscillation detected as the PA signal. In this work, PA spectroscopy was used to characterize different human skin samples with respect to their response to ultraviolet radiation (UVA and UVB, 240nm < $\lambda$ < 400nm). Measurements were performed at 70Hz and 17Hz, using a 1000W Xe arc lamp as the light source. Skin samples were about 0,5cm diameter. It was possible to obtain the absorption spectra of the stratum corneum and of a deeper layer of epidermis; when the lower modulation frequency is utilized, PA spectroscopy characterizes the absorption of the whole epidermis, because in this case the thermal diffusion length is thicker than that of the stratum corneum. PA spectroscopy was also employed to monitor the drying kinetics of the skin. Pre-treatment of the samples included different periods in a drying chamber. Measurements show that the PA spectra changes according to the humidity of the skin. Future work includes detailed monitoring of skin hydration