Efeito do uso de compatibilizante no processamento e produção de fios da blenda PET/PP

Orientador: Chang Tien KiangDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia QuimicaResumo: O presente trabalho mostra os estudos realizados sobre o processamento das blendas de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET) e do polipropileno (PP) numa escala semi-industrial. Analisou-se a influência da presença do polipropileno enxertado com anidrido maleico (PP-g-MA) como agente compatibilizante, sendo adicionado numa proporção de 3 % em peso sobre o peso total da mistura. As blendas dos materiais com e sem compatibilizante foram estudadas nas relações de PET/PP 75/25, 50/50 e 25/75, respectivamente. Inicialmente os materiais foram homogeneizados numa dupla rosca semi industrial ZSK 30 W 9/2 sendo posteriormente reprocessados numa instalação piloto de fiação da Plasticisers para a obtenção dos fios. As diferentes blendas e fios produzidos com elas foram analisados através de ensaios térmicos, mecânicos e morfológicos. Através da caracterização térmica obteve-se informações da cinética de cristalização permitindo a confirmação das avaliações anteriormente realizadas no Departamento de Tecnologia de Polímeros da Faculdade de Engenharia Química da UNICAMP com relação à aceleração do processo de cristalização dos materiais, estando um na presença do outro. Os ensaios térmico e mecânico demonstraram que o compatibilizante provocou a diminuição das tensões interfaciais. O aumento na orientação dos fios e as tensões suportadas por estes, associado à melhoria das condições de processamento mostraram a vantagem do uso do compatibilizante. As análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura permitiram notar a influência da composição da mistura e da presença do compatibilizante na estabilização das estruturas morfológicas das blendas quando do seu reprocessamento para a obtenção dos fios. As morfologias das blendas obtidas na dupla rosca foram comparadas com as apresentadas nas amostras dos mesmos materiais produzidas num equipamento de bancada (Minimax Molder CS 183 - MMX). Comprovaram-se limitações do Minimax na simulação do comportamento dos materiais quando realiza-se uma ampliação na escala de processamento. Os ensaios de tingimento realizados nos fios das blendas constataram a possibilidade de uso do processo de tingimento em solução para as blendas estudadasAbstract: The results of the study on the processinn in semi-industrial scale of blends with varying compositions of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) are reported in this work. The influence of polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) present at 3 % in the mixture was studied. Blends of PET/PP at proportions of 75/25, 50/50 e 25/75, respectively, with and without compatibilizer were studied. The materiais were initially homogenized in a semi-industrial twin screw ZSK 30 W 9/2 and then processed in a Plasticisers pilot spinning equipment to obtain the yarns. Thermal, mechanical and morphological characterizations performed with the mixtures and the spun yarns. Thermal characterization gave information on the kinetics of crystallization, confirming data of assays previously done at the Departarl1ento de Tecnologia de Polímeros of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazíl, as regard to the acceleration of the crystallization when both materiais are processed together. Thermal and mechanical assays showed that the compatibilizer decreased interfacial tensions. On the otherhand, compatibilizers increased the orientation of the yarns and the tensions they supported. Microscopy showed the influence of mixture composition on the stabilization of the morphological structures of the blends when they are used to produce yarns. These morphologies were also compared to those of previous studies obtained in a bench scale mixer (Minimax Molder CS183-MMX). The yarns produced from the blends of this study could be solution-dyed, which is of major technological interestMestradoCiencia e Tecnologia de MateriaisMestre em Engenharia Químic

Post-Franco Theatre

In the multiple realms and layers that comprise the contemporary Spanish theatrical landscape, “crisis” would seem to be the word that most often lingers in the air, as though it were a common mantra, ready to roll off the tongue of so many theatre professionals with such enormous ease, and even enthusiasm, that one is prompted to wonder whether it might indeed be a miracle that the contemporary technological revolution – coupled with perpetual quandaries concerning public and private funding for the arts – had not by now brought an end to the evolution of the oldest of live arts, or, at the very least, an end to drama as we know it

Bioremediation of Parboiled Rice Effluent Supplemented with Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol Using Pichia pastoris X-33

This paper describes the use of Pichia pastoris X-33 as a bioremediator to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and phosphorus (P-PO43−), after culture in parboiled rice effluent supplemented with p.a. glycerol or a glycerol by-product of the biodiesel industry. The greatest reduction in the COD (55%), TKN (45%), and P-PO43− (52%) of the effluent was observed in cultures of P. pastoris X-33 supplemented with 15 g ·L−1 of biodiesel-derived glycerol. Furthermore, the overall biomass yield was 2.1 g ·L−1. These data suggest that biodiesel-derived glycerol is an efficient carbon source for the bioremediation of parboiled rice effluent and biomass production

Probiotic effect of Pichia pastoris X-33 produced in parboiled rice effluent and YPD medium on broiler chickens.

In a previous paper we showed that the yeast Pichia pastoris X-33 grown in parboiled rice effluent supplemented with glycerol byproduct from the biodiesel industry improved the quality of the effluent. In this paper we show the validation of this yeast (PPE) as probiotic for broilers. Its effect on feed efficiency and immunomodulation was compared with the same yeast grown in yeast peptone dextrose medium (PPY), with Saccharomyces boulardii (SBY) and with the controls fed unsupplemented feed (CON). One-day-old female chicks were vaccinated against infectious bursal disease (IBD) and the titers of anti-IBD antibodies were measured by ELISA. PPE group had the highest mean titres on days 14 and 28 (p<0,05), and at 28 days, 64% of the animals showed seroconvertion. The PPE group also showed the best weight gains at 42 days of age, that, on days 7, 14 and 21 were 19%, 15%, and 8.7% higher, respectively, than the control group. The best feed conversion, 8.2% higher than the control group, was obtained by PPY at 42 days. Histopathological studies did not detect any undesirable effects in the supplemented animals. We concluded that Pichia pastoris X-33 when grown in effluents of the rice parboiling industry supplemented with glycerol byproduct from the biodiesel has probiotic properties for poultry

Mean titers of anti-IBD antibodies by ELISA.

<p>CON: Control; SBY: <i>S</i>. <i>boulardii</i>; PPE: <i>P</i>. <i>pastoris</i> effluent; PPY: <i>P</i>. <i>pastoris</i> YPD. Different letters signify the mean statistical differences on the day (p<0.05).</p

Percentage of positive sera and sera with titers above 1000 of anti-IBD antibodies in chicks vaccinated at one day of age.

<p>Percentage of positive sera and sera with titers above 1000 of anti-IBD antibodies in chicks vaccinated at one day of age.</p

Probiotic effect of <i>Pichia pastoris</i> X-33 produced in parboiled rice effluent and YPD medium on broiler chickens - Fig 2

<p>Histological study showing normal splenic tissue of groups (a) CON, (b) SBY, (c) PPE and (d) PPY. H&E (0bj 10x).</p

Average weight gain and feed conversion means of groups at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days old.

<p>Average weight gain and feed conversion means of groups at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days old.</p

Probiotic effect of <i>Pichia pastoris</i> X-33 produced in parboiled rice effluent and YPD medium on broiler chickens - Fig 3

<p>Histological study showing normal hepatocyte and portal vein of the groups (a) CON, (b) SBY, (c) PPE and (d) PPY. H&E (0bj 10x).</p