Prospectus, November 11, 1981

CHARTER BOARD MEMBER DIES; News In Brief; John Mathews: November 9, 1981; Board members elected; Plan for shopping trip; 19 cities offer classes; Artists featured; Students helping students; Workshop on telling stories; Movie deals with social turmoil; America\u27s going cold turkey; P.C. Happ\u27nin\u27s: Counseling meetings set, Performances begin Nov. 12; Christian group tells topics; Farm Health Day is December 4. Workshop plans told at Parkland, Nutrition to be topic; Foreign foods to be served at language students\u27 dinner; Grad student finds out cartoons turn into cash; Walt Disney goes adult; See French Lieutenant\u27s Woman; \u27Bohemia\u27 better live than recorded; An inside look at federal agent; Holiday season opens; Annie reviewed; Johansen makes history; Prepare your car for approaching winter; Classifieds; Celebrate International Day; Game playoffs continue; Ski club has sale; Parkland wins v-ball sectional; Lewis wins Fast Freddy, Illini shafted; BB starts Mon.; Sports Notes; Fast Freddy Contest; Photo Newshttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1981/1005/thumbnail.jp

The organisation of afferent input to the basal ganglia

The basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei involved in movement, association, motivation and reward processing. Two populations of neurons that play critical roles in the basal ganglia are dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and neurons of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). To define the afferent input to these neurons, which ultimately controls their activity, quantitative immunocytochemical analyses of afferent synaptic terminals was carried out at the electron microscopic level in rat. Glutamatergic afferents from cortical and subcortical sources were identified using antibodies against vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluT1 and 2 respectively). In the SN, dopaminergic neurons were labelled using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In the analysis of the STN, additional populations of afferent terminals were labelled using antibodies against vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and TH. Synapses were also categorised on the basis of their membrane specializations into type-1 (putatively excitatory) and type-2 (putatively inhibitory). In the SN, differences in the ratio of type-1 and 2 synapses were seen between two functional sub-regions (pars compacta: SNc and pars reticulata: SNr). Dopaminergic dendrites in the SNc receive equal innervation from boutons forming type-1 and 2 synapses (53% vs 47%), whereas dopaminergic dendrites in the SNr receive mainly type-2 synapses (73% vs 27%). Type-1 synaptic boutons included both VGluT1- and VGluT2-positive boutons in the SNc, meaning cortical and sub-cortical glutamatergic neurons directly innervate dopaminergic neurons of the SNc. In the SNr only VGluT2-positive boutons were detected suggesting that SNr dendrites only receive sub-cortical glutamate. However, a large proportion of boutons forming type-1 synapses were not labelled (~40% of type-1 synaptic boutons) suggesting other transmitters provide a large amount of innervation to these neurons. In the STN type-1 and 2 synapses provided roughly equal innervation of dendrites. The boutons forming type-1 synapses were almost entirely either VGluT1- or VGluT2-positive boutons (98%) indicating that STN neurons receive input from both cortical and subcortical glutamatergic neurons. Significantly more boutons were immunolabelled with VGluT2 compared to VGluT1 (31% vs 18%), showing that subcortical sources provide the majority of glutamatergic input to STN neurons. VGAT-positive synaptic boutons were exclusively type-2 and made up ~89% of type-2 synapses, TH-positive boutons comprised only ~4% of total synapses and VAChT-positive boutons were more varied producing both type-1 and 2 synapses. Type-1 synapse forming VAChT-positive boutons comprised 4% of total synapses and type-2 synapse forming VAChT-positive boutons 6% of the total innervation. Together this totals over 100% suggesting at least two of these markers are co-localised within a subgroup of boutons. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that both dopaminergic neurons of the SN and neurons of the STN are under the afferent synaptic control of both cortical and sub-cortical glutamatergic neurons as well as GABAergic and other populations of terminals. The quantitative analyses demonstrate differences in the innervation of the different types or sub-types of neurons that likely underlie their functional properties.</p

The Organisation of Afferent Input to the Basal Ganglia

The basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei involved in movement, association, motivation and reward processing. Two populations of neurons that play critical roles in the basal ganglia are dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and neurons of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). To define the afferent input to these neurons, which ultimately controls their activity, quantitative immunocytochemical analyses of afferent synaptic terminals was carried out at the electron microscopic level in rat. Glutamatergic afferents from cortical and subcortical sources were identified using antibodies against vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluT1 and 2 respectively). In the SN, dopaminergic neurons were labelled using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In the analysis of the STN, additional populations of afferent terminals were labelled using antibodies against vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and TH. Synapses were also categorised on the basis of their membrane specializations into type-1 (putatively excitatory) and type-2 (putatively inhibitory). In the SN, differences in the ratio of type-1 and 2 synapses were seen between two functional sub-regions (pars compacta: SNc and pars reticulata: SNr). Dopaminergic dendrites in the SNc receive equal innervation from boutons forming type-1 and 2 synapses (53% vs 47%), whereas dopaminergic dendrites in the SNr receive mainly type-2 synapses (73% vs 27%). Type-1 synaptic boutons included both VGluT1- and VGluT2-positive boutons in the SNc, meaning cortical and sub-cortical glutamatergic neurons directly innervate dopaminergic neurons of the SNc. In the SNr only VGluT2-positive boutons were detected suggesting that SNr dendrites only receive sub-cortical glutamate. However, a large proportion of boutons forming type-1 synapses were not labelled (~40% of type-1 synaptic boutons) suggesting other transmitters provide a large amount of innervation to these neurons. In the STN type-1 and 2 synapses provided roughly equal innervation of dendrites. The boutons forming type-1 synapses were almost entirely either VGluT1- or VGluT2-positive boutons (98%) indicating that STN neurons receive input from both cortical and subcortical glutamatergic neurons. Significantly more boutons were immunolabelled with VGluT2 compared to VGluT1 (31% vs 18%), showing that subcortical sources provide the majority of glutamatergic input to STN neurons. VGAT-positive synaptic boutons were exclusively type-2 and made up ~89% of type-2 synapses, TH-positive boutons comprised only ~4% of total synapses and VAChT-positive boutons were more varied producing both type-1 and 2 synapses. Type-1 synapse forming VAChT-positive boutons comprised 4% of total synapses and type-2 synapse forming VAChT-positive boutons 6% of the total innervation. Together this totals over 100% suggesting at least two of these markers are co-localised within a subgroup of boutons. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that both dopaminergic neurons of the SN and neurons of the STN are under the afferent synaptic control of both cortical and sub-cortical glutamatergic neurons as well as GABAergic and other populations of terminals. The quantitative analyses demonstrate differences in the innervation of the different types or sub-types of neurons that likely underlie their functional properties.This thesis is not currently available on ORA

Historical patterns of resource exploitation and the status of Papua New Guinea coral reefs

Understanding human drivers of exploitation within the context of historical baselines can assist in better management of natural resources. Retrospective studies provide insight into the scale, nature, and timing of human influence on reef ecosystems. Using Papua New Guinea as a model, we assessed human influences on the historical status of reef resources through time. Reef resources were divided into seven ecological guilds, assessed over seven cultural periods and in reference to seven types of human influences. Ranking of ecological status and human influence was performed based on extensive bibliographical research. Evidence for periods of sustainability and depletion were found throughout historical and modern periods. More recently, acceleration in the rate of resource depletion has occurred as a result of increasing pressure at unprecedented scales. Subsistence lifestyles are becoming unviable or unattractive since the introduction of the cash economy during colonial times. Current challenges such as providing livelihood options and sustaining replenishment rates of reef resources have arisen from a long history of overexploitation that preconditioned the current status of reef resources under an economic climate of increasing demand for these resources. Studies of past human exploitation of reef resources can help to overcome the shifting baseline syndrome for fisheries management in marine ecosystems and help characterize the scale and intensity of human drivers influencing resource exploitation

Analgesic antipyretic use among young children in the TEDDY study : No association with islet autoimmunity

Background: The use of analgesic antipyretics (ANAP) in children have long been a matter of controversy. Data on their practical use on an individual level has, however, been scarce. There are indications of possible effects on glucose homeostasis and immune function related to the use of ANAP. The aim of this study was to analyze patterns of analgesic antipyretic use across the clinical centers of The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) prospective cohort study and test if ANAP use was a risk factor for islet autoimmunity. Methods: Data were collected for 8542 children in the first 2.5 years of life. Incidence was analyzed using logistic regression with country and first child status as independent variables. Holm's procedure was used to adjust for multiplicity of intercountry comparisons. Time to autoantibody seroconversion was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model with cumulative analgesic use as primary time dependent covariate of interest. For each categorization, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach was used. Results: Higher prevalence of ANAP use was found in the U.S. (95.7%) and Sweden (94.8%) compared to Finland (78.1%) and Germany (80.2%). First-born children were more commonly given acetaminophen (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07, 1.49; p = 0.007) but less commonly Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.78, 0.95; p = 0.002). Acetaminophen and NSAID use in the absence of fever and infection was more prevalent in the U.S. (40.4%; 26.3% of doses) compared to Sweden, Finland and Germany (p < 0.001). Acetaminophen or NSAID use before age 2.5 years did not predict development of islet autoimmunity by age 6 years (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.99-1.09; p = 0.27). In a sub-analysis, acetaminophen use in children with fever weakly predicted development of islet autoimmunity by age 3 years (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.024). Conclusions: ANAP use in young children is not a risk factor for seroconversion by age 6 years. Use of ANAP is widespread in young children, and significantly higher in the U.S. compared to other study sites, where use is common also in absence of fever and infection