Economics of Religion

Systematic Cluster: 1. The financing of religions in works that are mainly historical in method and perspective. 2. The relationship between religion and economy with regard to a culture theory. Examines, for instance, how religious beliefs and economic behaviour are a component of the mentality that influences a culture; how modernity and capitalism can be inter-twined or how economic metaphors are employed in religious language. Many works from economics of anthropology but also from history of economic culture and and gen-eral sociology. 3. Economic theories as a subject of the study of religion (literature on leadership, manage-ment on on consumerism, the market or communism as religion; the topic of religious economies). 4. Economic theories as a model of the study of religion. 01. Macro- or Microeconomics in general (e.g. Macroeconomics: religion and eco-nomic growth; Microeconomics: Financing, process management etc.) 02. Neo-classical Paradigm, Rational Choice Economics of Religion, Sociological Market theory (e.g. G. Becker, R. Stark, W.S. Bainbridge, R. Finke, L. Iannaccone, M. McBride) 03. Behavioral Economics and Game Theory 04. Neo-Institutionalist Theory (from sociological, political science or economic per-spective) 05. Economic Sociology in a narrower sens

Photochemical enrichment of deuterium in Titan's atmosphere: new insights from Cassini-Huygens

Cassini-Huygens data are used to re-examine the potential sources of the D/H enhancement over solar, measured in methane, in Titan's atmosphere. Assuming that the system is closed with respect to carbon, the use of constraints from the Huygens probe for the determination of the current mass of atmospheric methane and the most up-to-date determination of D/H from Cassini/CIRS infrared spectra allow us to show that photochemical enrichment of deuterium is not sufficient to be the sole mechanism yielding the measured D/H value. A possible fractionation between CH3D and CH4 during the escape process may slightly enhance the deuterium enrichment, but is not sufficient to explain the observed D/H value over the range of escape values proposed in the literature. Hence, alternative mechanisms such as a primordial deuterium enrichment must be combined with the photochemical enrichment in Titan's atmosphere in order to explain its current D/H value.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted in ApJ

Superthermal electron processes in the upper atmosphere of Uranus: Aurora and electroglow

Strong ultraviolet emissions from the upper atmosphere of Uranus suggest that both auroral and electroglow phenomena are of significant aeronomical consequences in the structure of the upper atmosphere. Combined modeling and data analysis were performed to determine the effect of electroglow and auroral phenomena on the global heat and atomic hydrogen budgets in the Uranus upper atmosphere. The results indicate that the auroral and electroglow heat sources are not adequate to explain the high exospheric temperature observed at Uranus, but that the atomic hydrogen supplied by these processes is more than sufficient to explain the observations. The various superthermal electron distributions modeled have significantly different efficiencies for the various processes such as UV emission, heating, ionization, and atomic hydrogen production, and produce quite different H2 band spectra. However, additional information on the UV spectra and global parameters is needed before modeling can be used to distinguish between the possible mechanisms for electroglow

Social perception of ecosystem management in Québec's black spruce forest : can large harvests emulating fire be acceptable to forest users, stakeholders and the uninformed public ?

Comme ailleurs en Amérique du Nord, le Québec a pris le virage de l’aménagement forestier écosystémique, basé sur l’émulation des perturbations naturelles afin de diminuer l’impact de la récolte forestière sur les écosystèmes. En imitant les perturbations naturelles en sévérité, fréquence et répartition spatiale, l’aménagement écosystémique vise à garder l’écosystème forestier à l’intérieur de ses limites de variabilité naturelle. Dans la pessière noire à mousses, la principale perturbation naturelle étant le feu, l’aménagement écosystémique pour cet écosystème implique la réalisation de très grandes coupes de type totale. Toutefois, cette forme particulière d’aménagement écosystémique pourrait rencontrer des défis d’acceptabilité sociale en raison de la taille et du type des coupes en résultant puisque les grandes coupes à blanc sont très mal perçues par la population. Afin d’assurer la réussite de l’aménagement écosystémique pour cet écosystème et de répondre aux exigences de l’aménagement forestier durable, il importe d’en documenter l’acceptabilité sociale et au besoin, de le moduler afin de répondre aux valeurs de la population. Ce projet de recherche investigue la perception de l’aménagement écosystémique de la pessière noire qu’ont les utilisateurs du milieu forestier, les parties prenantes impliquées dans un processus de participation à la planification forestière et de gens non affiliés, de type grand public. Dans un premier temps, pour chacun de ces groupes, l’acceptabilité des paysages résultant de possibles traitements sylvicoles écosystémiques est documentée, sur le plan visuel à l’aide d’un sondage. Il en ressort que certains traitements de rétention variable atténuent efficacement les impacts visuels des agglomérations de coupes dans le moyen plan. Dans un deuxième temps, l’acceptabilité de la stratégie est explorée auprès des parties prenantes au processus de participation via des entretiens individuels. La stratégie s’est révélée assez accepta le, surtout en comparaison des options actuelles, quoique des modulations semblent nécessaires pour les territoires fauniques structurés. Finalement, la perception de la stratégie par des répondants de type grand public est investiguée au moyen de groupes de discussion. Les résultats démontrent que les répondants se sont appropriés les bases de l’aménagement écosystémique et ont identifié des balises afin de construire l’acceptabilité sociale de la stratégie en pessière.Quebec has recently embarked on the transition toward ecosystem management, which is la type of forest management that is based on the emulation of natural disturbances in order to decrease the impacts of timber harvesting on the ecosystem. By mimicking natural disturbances in severity, frequency and intensity, ecosystem management aims at keeping the ecosystem within the limits of its natural variability. In the black spruce forest, where the main natural disturbance is wildfire, ecosystem management is implemented in the form of extensive harvests in which all mature trees are cut. While this form of management has a strong environmental component, it faces social acceptability challenges given that people generally dislike large-scale clearcutting. Therefore, the long-term success of ecosystem management in the boreal black spruce forest will depend on the degree to which it can respond to and adapt to the population’s values where required. The population maintains a wide range of relationships with this ecosystem and can be divided into three main groups: forest users, stakeholders involved in a participative planning process, and unaffiliated and uninformed members of the general public. This research project investigates the diverse perceptions of ecosystem management held by each of these three groups. Conducted as a survey, the first part of the study examined the visual acceptability of ecosystemic sylvicultural treatments, and found that certain variable retention treatments were considered to be able to mitigate the agglomerations’ visual impacts in the middle ground. Then, the acceptability of ecosystem management strategy, as already implemented as a pilot project, is explored for the stakeholders by means of individual interviews. Here, ecosystem management, as a strategy for the black spruce forest, was well received, especially in comparison to the available alternatives and despite a high demand for adjustments in the case of controlled wildlife territories. Finally, the social perception of the ecosystem management strategy for unaffiliated and uninformed general public type people is explored through focus groups. Results show that participants were able to fully understand the theoretical basis of ecosystem management and to identify milestones enabling to build the strategy’s social acceptability for the black spruce forest