Pain Perception: Investigating Links Between Pain Transmission and CCK(+) Neurons, with Regard to the Opioid Crisis

With dependence on opioids, such as codeine, morphine, and heroin, steadily increasing amongst the American public, the withdrawal symptoms associated with disuse are receiving much more attention. Our research identifies neurons that are implicated in the hyperanalgesic response to the cessation of opiate medication after dependence has been established. These neurons, identified by the cholecystokinin protein (CCK), are localized in regions of the central nervous system that are responsible for transducing painful signals from the periphery to the brain. In particular, our research focuses on the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord and the trigeminal nucleus within the brain stem; the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting painful signals from below the shoulders, and the trigeminal nucleus is responsible for transmitting pain from above the shoulders. Our research supports the hypothesis that neurons with high levels of CCK expression (CCK(+) neurons) are involved in the transmission of pain from the periphery, where the pain occurs, to the brain, where it is perceived. We did not find that the CCK(+) neurons communicate through GABA neurotransmission, and we will continue researching how these neurons communicate, as well as the implications they have on the modulation of pain by opiate use/disuse

Breach of fiduciary duty, equitable wrongs and proprietary remedies: implications for commercial agents

Lord Herschell once wrote that ���it is an inflexible rule of a Court of Equity that a person in a fiduciary position���is not, unless otherwise expressly provided, entitled to make a profit; he is not allowed to put himself in a position where his interest and duty conflict. It does not appear to me that this rule is, as has been said, founded upon principles of morality. I regard it rather as based on the consideration that, human nature being what it is, there is danger, in such circumstances, of the person holding a fiduciary position being swayed by interest rather than by duty, and thus prejudicing those whom he was bound to protect.��� The purpose of this article is to explore exactly how inflexible this rule is in the context of commercial parties who stand in a fiduciary relationship to others. In particular two areas are examined, firstly; commercial fiduciaries who have received a secret bribe or some other profit in the course of their employment. Secondly; commercial parties who, although not having assumed fiduciary duties to a particular commercial principal, have nevertheless assisted in a breach of fiduciary duty by some other person and in doing so have made a profit. In both cases, can the person against who the breach had been committed claim a proprietary right to the profits in the hands of the wrongful fiduciary

Potential Applications of Immobilized β-Galactosidase in Food Processing Industries

The enzyme β-galactosidase can be obtained from a wide variety of sources such as microorganisms, plants, and animals. The use of β-galactosidase for the hydrolysis of lactose in milk and whey is one of the promising enzymatic applications in food and dairy processing industries. The enzyme can be used in either soluble or immobilized forms but the soluble enzyme can be used only for batch processes and the immobilized form has the advantage of being used in batch wise as well as in continuous operation. Immobilization has been found to be convenient method to make enzyme thermostable and to prevent the loss of enzyme activity. This review has been focused on the different types of techniques used for the immobilization of β-galactosidase and its potential applications in food industry

Theories of private property in modern property law

THEORIES OF PRIVATE PROPERTY IN MODERN PROPERTY LA