IMPLICAÇÕES DA VIOLÊNCIA ESCOLAR NO TRABALHO DOCENTE DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL DO COLÉGIO MUNICIPAL DE POJUCA, BAHIA

A violência em coletivos escolares assume lugar de destaque na agenda pedagógica por aferir os mais diferentes danos à prática escolar, nos diferentes ciclos escolares do ensino básico, no Brasil e no mundo com repercussão direta no trabalho docente. Dentre tantos enfoques do tema, sobressai o das dificuldades combativas do problema, classicamente à base de intervenções pontuais, verbalizações morais e psicologizantes, medidas administrativas e, não raras vezes, por capitulação da gestão escolar (geral e pedagógica) frente aos distúrbios e conflitos violentos na ambiência da sala de aula e do contexto escolar. O que evidencia uma visão parcial da questão, já que a violência e suas múltiplas espécies e efeitos, segundo a literatura pertinente, vinculam-se a fatores internos (no plano subjetivo do indivíduo) e a fatores externos (no plano macrossistêmico da sociedade), em processo interativo de influência. Assim posto, este estudo demarcou como objetivo analisar as ações de violência escolar que ocorrem nos ciclos finais do ensino fundamental entre alunos e professores e os respectivos efeitos no trabalho docente no Colégio Municipal Presidente Castelo Branco, do município de Pojuca, Bahia. O método foi pesquisa não experimental descritiva com corte transversal e abordagem qualitativa, tendo como técnica de coleta de dados entrevista aberta com apoio de questionário aberto junto à amostra não probabilística intencional de alunos e professores do 6º e 7º anos do ensino fundamental, e análise documental como subsídio analítico. A pesquisa apontou que alunos e professores têm conhecimento da realidade em sala de aula e da escola quanto à violência, tanto verbal como física, sendo as mais recorrentes xingamentos, intimidações, ameaças, insultos, ofensas morais e humilhação, e físicas (brigas corpo a corpo ou com instrumentos), empurrões e pontapés e correlatos, promovendo abalos às relações interpessoais com efeitos danosos ao trabalho docente, já que tais ações desviam os planos, o desenvolvimento e o foco de aula, além de gerar problemas psicossomáticos ao professor, em razão de doenças, baixa autoestima e, não raras vezes, por afastamento das atividades, efeitos também associados ao aluno

Expansao dos cursos de graduacao em enfermagem: dilemas e contradicoes frente ao mercado de trabalho

We sought to analyze, from the perspective of professors and students, the reasons and consequences of the expansion of undergraduate courses in nursing, discussing the dilemmas and the contradictions confronting the labor market. It was a qualitative study with data obtained from focus groups, conducted in 18 undergraduate nursing courses in the state of Minas Gerais, during the period of February to October of 2011. The narratives were submitted to critical discourse analysis. The results indicated that the education of the nurse was permeated by insecurity as to the future integration into the labor market. The insecurity translates into dilemmas that referred to employability and the precariousness of the working conditions. In this context, employment in the family health strategy emerges as a mirage. One glimpses the need for a political agenda with the purpose of discussion about education, the labor market and the determinants of these processes.En este estudio se buscó analizar, desde la perspectiva de los docentes y estudiantes, las razones y las consecuencias de la expansión de los cursos de pregrado en enfermería, discutiendo los dilemas y las contradicciones frente al mercado de trabajo. Estudio cualitativo con datos obtenidos de grupos focales, en 18 cursos de pregrado en enfermería en el Estado de Minas Gerais, en el período de febrero a octubre de 2011. Los relatos fueron sometidos al análisis crítico del discurso. Los resultados indican que la formación del enfermero está impregnada de incertidumbre en relación a la futura inserción al mercado laboral. La incertidumbre se refleja en los dilemas que se relacionan con el empleo y las condiciones de trabajo precarias. En este contexto, el empleo en la estrategia de salud de la familia aparece como un espejismo. Se considera necesario tener una agenda política que regule la discusión sobre la formación, el mercado laboral y los factores determinantes de estos procesos.Procurou-se analisar, na perspectiva dos docentes e discentes, as razões e as consequências da expansão dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem, discutindo os dilemas e as contradições frente ao mercado de trabalho. Estudo qualitativo com dados obtidos de grupos focais realizados em 18 cursos de graduação em enfermagem do Estado de Minas Gerais, no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2011. As narrativas foram submetidas à análise crítica do discurso. Os resultados indicam que a formação do enfermeiro está permeada por insegurança quanto à futura inserção no mercado de trabalho. A insegurança traduz-se em dilemas que se referem à empregabilidade e à precarização das condições de trabalho. Neste contexto, o emprego na estratégia de saúde da família desponta como uma miragem. Vislumbra-se a necessidade de uma agenda política que paute a discussão sobre a formação, o mercado de trabalho e os determinantes desses processos

Promoção da saúde como decisão política para a formação do enfermeiro

It is a descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach that has the objective of analyzing the health promotion in training nurses. The setting of the research was two nursing undergraduate courses in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results show that both schools used settings favorable to a health promotion approach in this training. They anchor this approach in the need to provide students experiences of learning from an immersion in the reality of professional life. It is prevalent on formation a tension between good educational pratices for health promotion were revealed those become into the daily of the service and practices that arrest the subjects on their ways of thinking. It is concluded that health promotion is recognized as a political decision in nursing education, although this is yet incipient and has a mixed theoretical formulation, indicating the need to increase opportunities for conceptual and operational discussion.Este estudio exploratorio descriptivo y cualitativo, analizó la promoción de la salud en la formación de los enfermeros. Los escenarios de investigación fueron dos facultades de Enfermería del Estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil). Los resultados indicaron que las escuelas han practicado aprendizaje favorable al abordaje de la promoción de salud, fundamentada en la necesidad de propiciar experiencias a partir de la inmersión en la vida profesional. Prevalecieron tensiones entre las buenas prácticas de enseñanza para la promoción de la salud, reveladas como las que acontecieron en el cotidiano de los servicios, y las prácticas que aprisionaron a los sujetos en sus modos de pensar e de actuar. Se concluyó que la promoción de la salud fue considerada como decisión política para cambios en la formación del enfermero, a pesar de esa incorporación ser incipiente e heterogénea, fue evidente la necesidad de ampliar los espacios de discusión conceptual y operacional.Estudo descritivo-exploratório de abordagem qualitativa com o objetivo de analisar a promoção da saúde na formação do enfermeiro. Os cenários foram dois cursos de enfermagem do Estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil). Os resultados indicaram que as duas escolas utilizam espaços de aprendizagem favoráveis à abordagem da promoção da saúde na formação. Ancora-se esta abordagem na necessidade de propiciar aos discentes experiências de aprendizagem com base na imersão na realidade da vida profissional. Na formação, prevalecem tensões entre boas práticas de ensino para a promoção da saúde, reveladas como aquelas que acontecem no cotidiano dos serviços, e práticas que aprisionam os sujeitos em seus modos de pensar e fazer. Concluiu-se que a promoção da saúde é tomada como decisão política para mudança na formação do enfermeiro, embora esta incorporação seja incipiente e heterogênea quanto à formulação teórica, indicando a necessidade de ampliação dos espaços de discussão conceitual e operacional

Zika: abordagem clínica na atenção básica

Zika é uma doença que foi detectada no país no último ano, a partir deste evento a doença tem se disseminado no país, cursando de forma inédita segundo a literatura científica. Tendo encontrado ambiente favorável à sua disseminação, que é a presença do vetor Aedes em todo o país, em população sem imunidade à doença, vem causando enorme impacto à saúde de nossa população. É preciso que os profissionais de saúde se capacitem para conseguir minimizar o impacto desta enfermidade, utilizando todos os recursos possíveis para assistir, disseminar os conhecimentos para a população, além de construir parcerias com todos os equipamentos sociais para atuarem no sentido de proteger a saúde de todos. Para isso este material foi elaborado, tendo o caráter auto-instrucional, os profissionais de saúde podem realizá-lo dentro de suas possibilidades. O módulo tem 45h, sendo dividido em quatro unidades de ensino; ao final oferece uma avaliação objetiva e a certificação on-line. Na biblioteca estão disponibilizados livros e vídeos com conteúdos referentes ao tema, utilize-os se sentir necessidade de aprofundar seus conhecimentos.1.

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions

Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

The decay $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. In the $\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-}$ system, the $\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0}$ state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, $\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}$ and $\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}$, whose masses and widths are measured to be $$m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},$$ where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt $\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ sample. Evidence of a new $\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0}$ state is found with a local significance of $3.8\,\sigma$, whose mass and width are measured to be $2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and $12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode $\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ is found with a significance of $3.7\,\sigma$. The relative branching fraction of $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ with respect to the $B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-}$ decay is measured to be $2.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

The ratios of branching fractions $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb${ }^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$. The measured values are $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is $\rho=-0.43$. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning