Depredación de arañas hacia visitantes florales y herbívoros, balance entre mutualismo y antagonismo

Las relaciones entre arañas y plantas pueden ser complejas y afectar de modos múltiples a sus plantas hospederas. La araña verde, Peucetia viridans, utiliza el camuflaje para cazar visitantes florales e insectos herbívoros por lo cual podría reducir tanto los niveles de herbivoría como los de reproducción de la planta hospedadora. Además, esta araña suele estar asociada a plantas con tricomas que les facilitan la caza de sus presas. Determinamos el balance de esta doble interacción en una hierba (Ruellia nudiflora) en un Bosque seco de Costa Rica. En tres sitios de muestreo realizamos un experimento en el cual cambiamos el color de la araña pintándola de rojo para determinar si un incremento en su detectabilidad afectaba la visita de polinizadores. Estimamos la abundancia de arañas, polinizadores e insectos herbívoros así como también los niveles de herbivoría, densidad de tricomas y producción de frutos/flor de la planta. La presencia de la araña no estuvo asociada a cambios en la tasa de visita de polinizadores ni a una menor fructificación. Las arañas estuvieron asociadas a plantas con menor densidad de tricomas. Los niveles de herbivoría fueron mayores en plantas con arañas que sin arañas. Sin embargo, las plantas con menor nivel de herbivoría y sin arañas presentaron mayor densidad de tricomas. Los sitios mostraron diferencias en el ensamble de herbívoros y polinizadores pero esto no afectó las interacciones estudiadas. Este estudio es el primero en mostrar que las arañas están asociadas a una densidad baja de tricomas. Si las arañas realmente depredaran significativamente los visitantes florales, el valor adaptativo de los tricomas sería doble; por un lado la reducción de la herbivoría por insectos y por otro repeler la presencia de un eventual depredador de sus visitantes florales. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de estudiar en forma conjunta las interacciones mutualistas y antagonistas para determinar su importancia relativa.Spider predation on floral visitors and herbivores, balance between mutualism and antagonism: Spiders-plant interactions are usually complex and affect their host plants in multiple ways. The lynx spider Peucetia viridans camouflages to hunt flower visitors and herbivores potentially reducing the levels of herbivory and reproduction of their host plant. Plus, these green spiders are usually associated with plant species presenting trichomes, which usually facilitate the spider predation. We determined the balance of this double interaction on the forb Ruellia nudiflora in a dry forest of Costa Rica. In three different sites we performed an experiment changing the spider color to red to determine whether the increment on the spider detectability affects pollinators visitation frequency. We also estimated spider, pollinators and herbivores abundance and the levels of herbivory, trichomes density and fruit set. The presence of the spider was not associated to a decrease in pollinators visitation or fruit set. Spiders were associated to plants with low trichomes density. Herbivory was higher in plants with spiders than in plant without them, however, plants with low herbivory level and without spiders presented higher trichomes density. Sites differed in their assemblages of pollinators and herbivores but this did not affect the interactions studied. This is the first study showing that the spider P. viridans is associated with plants of the same species with low trichome density. If this spider affects pollinators visitations, the adaptive value of trichomes would be double; they reduce herbivory and repel the presence of pollinators predators. These results highlight the relevance of studying both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions to determine their relative importance.Fil: Tadey, Mariana. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; ArgentinaFil: Ayazo, Roger. Instituto de Ecología A.C., Veracruz; MéxicoFil: Carrasco-rueda, Farah. Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Christopher, Yuliana. Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología,Ciudad del Saber; PanamáFil: Dominguez, Marisol. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Laboratorio de Ecología y Comportamiento Animal; ArgentinaFil: La Quay-velázquez, Giomara. Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan; Estados UnidosFil: San José, Miriam. Laboratorio de Ecología de Paisajes Fragmentados, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional, ; Méxic

Disease management in two sympatric Apterostigma fungus-growing ants for controlling the parasitic fungus Escovopsis

Antagonistic interactions between host and parasites are often embedded in networks of interacting species, in which hosts may be attacked by competing parasites species, and parasites may infect more than one host species. To better understand the evolution of host defenses and parasite counterdefenses in the context of a multihost, multiparasite system, we studied two sympatric species, of congeneric fungus-growing ants (Attini) species and their symbiotic fungal cultivars, which are attacked by multiple morphotypes of parasitic fungi in the genus, Escovopsis. To assess whether closely related ant species and their cultured fungi are evolving defenses against the same or different parasitic strains, we characterized Escovopsis that were isolated from colonies of sympatric Apterostigma dentigerum and A. pilosum. We assessed in vitro and in vivo interactions of these parasites with their hosts. While the ant cultivars are parasitized by similar Escovopsis spp., the frequency of infection by these pathogens differs between the two ant species. The ability of the host fungi to suppress Escovopsis growth, as well as ant defensive responses toward the parasites, differs depending on the parasite strain and on the host ant species

Efectos en la salud asociados a la ingesta de frutas cítricas en infantes de 6 a 24 meses de edad: Protocolo de una revisión sistemática

Introduction: In Latin America, the recommendations about the introduction of citrus in the complementary feeding are heterogeneous. Food restriction during the first years of life can increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies. The objective of the review is to identify the health effects associated with the citrus intake in infants from 6 to 24 months of age.Material and Methods: We will include studies with preterm infants, without diseases or surgical interventions that require dietary modification. Citrus are considered as Orange, Camu Camu, Tangelo, Lemon, Mandarin, Lime, Cider, Grapefruit, and Clementine, consumed in the natural form or in juices or extracts, or in combination with other foods. All health effects associated with the intake of citrus will be reported. The databases of MEDLINE (through PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Epistemonikos, LILACS, and SciELO will be searched.Also, grey literature will be searched in international thesis repositories. Observational studies, randomized and non-randomized clinical trials will be included. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be done independently, in duplicate and with blinding. At the end of each stage, blinding will be lifted to resolve conflicts between reviewers through consensus. A narrative synthesis of the results of the primary studies and the risk of bias will be conducted.Ethics and Dissemination: The protocol is registered in PROSPERO: CRD42021230561.Introducción: En América Latina, las recomendaciones sobre la introducción de frutas cítricas en la alimentación complementaria son heterogéneas. La restricción de alimentos durante los primeros años de vida puede incrementar el riesgo de tener deficiencias nutricionales. El objetivo de la revisión es identificar los efectos en la salud asociados a la ingesta de frutas cítricas en infantes de 6 a 24 meses de edad. Metodología: Se incluirán a estudios que tengan como población a infantes nacidos pretérmino, sin enfermedades o intervenciones quirúrgicas que demanden de la modificación de la dieta. Se considera como frutas cítricas a la Naranja, Camu Camu, Tangelo, Limón, Mandarina, Lima, Sidra, Pomelo y Clementina, consumidas en su forma natural o en jugos o extractos, o en combinación con otros alimentos. Se reportarán todos los efectos en la salud asociados a la ingesta de frutas cítricas. Se realizarán búsquedas en MEDLINE (a través de PubMed), SCOPUS, LILACS, SciELo, Epistemonikos, y CENTRAL. También, se realizarán búsquedas de literatura gris en repositorios de tesis internacionales. Se incluirán a estudios observacionales, ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y no aleatorizados. La selección de estudios, extracción de datos y evaluación de riesgo de sesgo se realizará de forma independiente, por duplicado y con cegamiento. Al culminar cada etapa, se levantará el cegamiento para resolver los conflictos entre los revisores mediante el consenso. Se realizará una síntesis narrativa de los resultados de los estudios primarios y el riesgo de sesgo. Ética y diseminación: El protocolo está registrado en PROSPERO: CRD42021230561

How many bird and mammal extinctions has recent conservation action prevented?

Aichi Target 12 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) aims to ‘prevent extinctions of known threatened species’. To measure its success, we used a Delphi expert elicitation method to estimate the number of bird and mammal species whose extinctions were prevented by conservation action in 1993 - 2020 (the lifetime of the CBD) and 2010 - 2020 (the timing of Aichi Target 12). We found that conservation prevented 21–32 bird and 7–16 mammal extinctions since 1993, and 9–18 bird and 2–7 mammal extinctions since 2010. Many remain highly threatened, and may still become extinct in the near future. Nonetheless, given that ten bird and five mammal species did go extinct (or are strongly suspected to) since 1993, extinction rates would have been 2.9–4.2 times greater without conservation action. While policy commitments have fostered significant conservation achievements, future biodiversity action needs to be scaled up to avert additional extinctions

The global, regional, and national burden of adult lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancer in 204 countries and territories:A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Importance Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning.Objective To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.Evidence Review The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.Findings In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts

The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

How many bird and mammal extinctions has recent conservation action prevented?

Aichi Target 12 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) contains the aim to ‘prevent extinctions of known threatened species’. To measure the degree to which this was achieved, we used expert elicitation to estimate the number of bird and mammal species whose extinctions were prevented by conservation action in 1993–2020 (the lifetime of the CBD) and 2010–2020 (the timing of Aichi Target 12). We found that conservation action prevented 21–32 bird and 7–16 mammal extinctions since 1993, and 9–18 bird and two to seven mammal extinctions since 2010. Many remain highly threatened and may still become extinct. Considering that 10 bird and five mammal species did go extinct (or are strongly suspected to) since 1993, extinction rates would have been 2.9–4.2 times greater without conservation action. While policy commitments have fostered significant conservation achievements, future biodiversity action needs to be scaled up to avert additional extinctions.https://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/conlMammal Research Institut

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe