EL ARBITRARIO ACCIONAR DE LAS ENTIDADES BANCARIAS EN LOS PROCESOS JUDICIALES DE EJECUCIÓN INSTAURADOS PARA EL COBRO DE PAGARÉS EMITIDOS INCOMPLETOS

La presente investigación denominada: “El arbitrario accionar de las entidades bancarias en los procesos judiciales de ejecución instaurados para el cobro de pagarés emitidos incompletos” revela las prácticas abusivas que las entidades bancarias llevan a cabo para instaurar procesos judiciales para el cobro de los montos contenidos en Pagarés, emitidos incompletos, como parte de los documentos que suscriben los ciudadanos al obtener un crédito bancario. Dichas prácticas abusivas se consolidan por el hecho de que lejos de proteger al ciudadano ante la eventualidad de un accionar doloso por parte de los bancos demandantes, nuestra legislación está orientada a resguardar al banco acreedor, a través de disposiciones expresas que no pueden ser cuestionadas en los procesos de ejecución, por naturaleza rígidos y taxativos. El método de investigación es descriptivo, diseño no experimental de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 05 expedientes correspondientes a causas seguidas ante los Juzgados Civiles – Sub Especialidad Comercial de Lima, entre los años 2012 a 2013.Tesi

Control interno y su influencia en la Gestión Financiera en Transportes y Multiservicios Quispe EIRL 2020 – 2021

El objetivo principal de esta presente investigación fue determinar cómo los controles internos afectarían la gestión financiera de Transporte y Multiservicios Quispe EIRL para el año fiscal 2020–2021. El estudio fue de tipo aplicada, diseño no experimental y nivel alcance descriptivo correlacional. La población estuvo conformada por 10 trabajadores, con respecto a la muestra resultó ser el total de la población. También se utilizaron como herramientas un manual de análisis y referencia de los estados financieros de los años 2020 y 2021, además de un cuestionario con 15 preguntas. De acuerdo a los resultados, el control interno incidió en un 0.547 en sus finanzas de la empresa Servicios de Transporte y Multiservicios EIRL para los años 2020–2021 en. Este indicador llegó a demostrar la regularidad del nivel de interacción entre el control interno y la gestión financiera. Dado que el nivel mínimo de confiabilidad fue de 0,70 los datos se corroboran y el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach es de 0.707 indicando que fue un nivel aceptable. Se determinó que la variable control interno tiene incidencia en la variable gestión financiera

Sistema para automatizar pruebas de regresión mediante el uso de lenguaje de programación typescript

En el presente trabajo se realizó la automatización de las pruebas de regresión para un banco extranjero con sede en varios países. El banco ofrece sus productos financieros de manera digital, donde el cliente puede realizar sus operaciones bancarias a través de un aplicativo móvil tanto en Android, IOS y web. Debido a que se ha empezado a desplegar más funcionalidades a producción y el sistema se está volviendo más complejo, las validaciones de los casos de prueba de regresión están tomando más tiempo de lo debido. Esto genera que los pases a producción se tengan que retrasar y a su vez ocasiona que el equipo de pruebas tenga que hacer retrabajo sobre casos de prueba validados. Por ello, se desarrolló un sistema para la automatización de pruebas de regresión para poder reducir el tiempo de las ejecuciones de los casos de prueba. Para poder realizar la automatización de las pruebas de regresión, primero se instaló software como Visual Studio Code, Node, JDK, Python y GIT para el funcionamiento del sistema. Luego se procedió con la redacción de los casos de prueba en base a Gherkins, después se realizó el desarrollo de los scripts de prueba con TypeScript y como parte final del trabajo se validó que el sistema pueda ejecutar de manera automática los casos de prueba. El sistema permite ejecutar de manera más rápida los casos de prueba y se pueda detectar errores en el aplicativo móvil de manera más rápida. El resultado que se obtuvo con el sistema fue que se pueda reducir el tiempo para las pruebas de regresión y la carga de trabajo se reduzca para el equipo de pruebas, de manera que puedan realizar un trabajo más eficiente.In this work, the automation of regression tests was carried out for a foreign bank based in several countries. The bank offers its financial products digitally, where the client can carry out their banking operations through a mobile application on Android, IOS and the web. Because more functionalities have begun to be deployed to production and the system is becoming more complex, validations of regression test cases are taking longer than they should. This means that production passes must be delayed and in turn causes the testing team to have to do rework on validated test cases. For this reason, a system was developed for the automation of regression tests to reduce the time of test case executions. In order to automate regression testing, software such as Visual Studio Code, Node, JDK, Python and GIT were first installed for the system to function. Then we proceeded with writing the test cases based on Gherkins, then the development of the test scripts was carried out with TypeScript and finally it was validated that the system can automatically execute the test cases. The system allows test cases to be executed more quickly and errors can be detected in the mobile application more quickly. The result obtained with the system was that the time for regression testing can be reduced and the workload is reduced for the testing team, so that they can do more efficient work.Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesiona

Adecuación administrativa de EsSalud como institución administradora de fondo para el aseguramiento de salud pública

El presente trabajo describe y analiza los factores que impiden a EsSalud culminar su adecuación administrativa para ejercer sus funciones y procesos como Iafas pública. Para ello, se ha revisado la normatividad del aseguramiento en salud así como documentos normativos, estudios e investigaciones realizadas por el Ministerio de Salud (Minsa), Superintendencia Nacional de Salud (Susalud), EsSalud y organizaciones nacionales e internacionales especializadas en investigación en el tema. Dicha información se ha complementado con entrevistas a los funcionarios de EsSalud, de otras Iafas públicas, Susalud y expertos involucrados en los procesos de aseguramiento universal en salud en nuestro país. A partir de ello, el presente trabajo propone reorganizar EsSalud a efectos de (i) crear la Institución Administradora de Fondos de Aseguramiento (IAFA EsSalud) como agente asegurador de los trabajadores y sus derechohabientes, que brinde cobertura financiera a las prestaciones de salud, económicas y sociales gestionadas por (ii) la Unidad de Gestión de Prestaciones (Ugipres EsSalud) y ofrecidas por (iii) los agentes de EsSalud que dan las prestaciones de salud, económicas y sociales. Se propone, a su vez, que la IAFA EsSalud se exceptúe de los sistemas administrativos de (i) presupuesto, tesorería y contabilidad, a fin de garantizar la intangibilidad y el valor del dinero en el tiempo de los fondos a su cargo; y de (ii) contrataciones estatales, dada la naturaleza de los servicios a contratar

Correlation of Serotype-Specific Dengue Virus Infection with Clinical Manifestations

Dengue virus (DENV) causes disease in millions of people annually and disproportionately affects those in the developing world. DENVs may be divided into four serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) and a geographical region may be affected by one or more DENV serotypes simultaneously. Infection with DENV may cause life-threatening disease such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS), but more often causes less severe manifestations affecting a wide range of organs. Although many previous reports have explored the role of the different DENV serotypes in the development of severe manifestations, little attention has focused on the relative role of each DENV serotype in the development of cutaneous, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and neurological manifestations. We recruited a large group of participants from four countries in South America to compare the prevalence of more than 30 manifestations among the four different DENV serotypes. We found that certain DENV serotypes were often associated with a higher prevalence of a certain manifestation (e.g., DENV-3 and diarrhea) or manifestation group (e.g., DENV-4 and cutaneous manifestations)

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Involvement of the exomer complex in the polarized transport of Ena1 required for Saccharomyces cerevisiae survival against toxic cations

[EN] Exomer is an adaptor complex required for the direct transport of a selected number of cargoes from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae However, exomer mutants are highly sensitive to increased concentrations of alkali metal cations, a situation that remains unexplained by the lack of transport of any known cargoes. Here we identify several HAL genes that act as multicopy suppressors of this sensitivity and are connected to the reduced function of the sodium ATPase Ena1. Furthermore, we find that Ena1 is dependent on exomer function. Even though Ena1 can reach the plasma membrane independently of exomer, polarized delivery of Ena1 to the bud requires functional exomer. Moreover, exomer is required for full induction of Ena1 expression after cationic stress by facilitating the plasma membrane recruitment of the molecular machinery involved in Rim101 processing and activation of the RIM101 pathway in response to stress. Both the defective localization and the reduced levels of Ena1 contribute to the sensitivity of exomer mutants to alkali metal cations. Our work thus expands the spectrum of exomer-dependent proteins and provides a link to a more general role of exomer in TGN organization.We acknowledge Emma Keck for English language revision. We also thank members of the Translucent group, J. Arino, J. Ramos, and L. Yenush, for many useful discussions throughout this work and especially L. Yenush for her generous gift of strains and reagents. The help of O. Vincent was essential for developing the work involving RIM101. We also thank R. Valle for her technical assistance at the CR Laboratory. M. Trautwein is acknowledged for data acquisition and discussions during the early stages of the project. C.A. is supported by a USAL predoctoral fellowship. Work at the Spang laboratory was supported by the University of Basel and the Swiss National Science Foundation (31003A-141207 and 310030B-163480). 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Latin-American consensus on chronic constipation

El Consenso Latinoamericano de Estreñimiento Crónico se realizó con el objeto de proveer guías para mejorar la identificación, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este trastorno en la región. Dos coordinadores, y uno honorario, establecieron las líneas de consenso, basado en una revisión sistemática de la literatura médica de los últimos 10 años a partir de 1995. Participaron 17 miembros con el aval de sus respectivas sociedades locales de gastroenterología. Éstos revisaron y presentaron los temas con sus niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación para discutirlos en una reunión plenaria. Tras un informe final de los miembros, los coordinadores prepararon las declaraciones finales para someterlas a votación en octubre de 2006. El consenso concluyó que el estreñimiento crónico tiene una prevalencia estimada del 5-21% en la región, con una relación mujer: varón de 3:1. El 75% de los sujetos que lo presenta utiliza algún tipo de medicamentos y más del 50% usa medicamentos caseros. Se recomendó un diagnóstico basado en los Criterios de Roma y los estudios diagnósticos sólo en pacientes mayores de 50 años o con algún signo de alarma. El uso de enema de colon se recomendó como investigación inicial en países con elevada frecuencia de megacolon idiopático y/o enfermedad de Chagas. En cuanto al tratamiento, se recomendó incrementar la fibra en la dieta a 25-30 g/día (grado C) y no se encontraron evidencias para ciertas medidas, como el ejercicio, el aumento de la ingesta de agua o las visitas programadas al excusado. El Psyllium recibió recomendación grado B y tratamientos farmacológicos, como tegaserod y polietilenglicol grado A. No se encontraron suficientes evidencias para recomendar la administración de lactulosa, pero no se desaprobó su uso cuando fuera necesario. Los estudios complementarios, como el tránsito colónico seguido de manometría anorrectal y defecografía, sólo se recomendaron para descartar la inercia colónica y/o la obstrucción funcional en pacientes que no respondieran al tratamiento. La biorretroalimentación se recomendó (grado B) en la disinergia del suelo pélvico.Q459-74The Latin-American Consensus on Chronic Constipation aimed to establish guidelines to improve the identification, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder in the region. Two coordinators and an honorary coordinator established the process and the topics to be discussed, based on a systematic review of the literature published in the previous 10 years, since 1995. Seventeen members participated with the support of their local gastroenterology societies. The members reviewed the different subjects based on the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation; the topics were then discussed in a plenary session. A written report was drafted and the coordinators prepared the final declarations to be submitted to a vote by all the members in October 2006. The consensus concluded that chronic constipation has an estimated prevalence of 5-21% in the region, with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. Among individuals with constipation, 75% use some type of medication, with more than 50% using home remedies. A diagnosis based on Rome Criteria was recommended and diagnostic testing only in persons older than 50 years or with alarm symptoms. The use of barium enema as an initial investigation was recommended only in countries with a high prevalence of idiopathic megacolon or Chagas’ disease. Recommendations on treatment included an increase in dietary fiber of up to 25-30 g/day (grade C). No evidence was found to recommend measures such as exercise, increased water intake, or frequent visits to the toilet. Fiber supplements such as Psyllium received a grade B and pharmacological treatments such as tegaserod and polyethylene glycol, both grade A. There was insufficient evidence to recommend lactulose, but the consensus did not disadvise its use when necessary. Complementary investigations such as colonic transit followed by anorectal manometry and defecography were only recommended to rule out colonic inertia and/or obstructive defecation in patients not responding to treatment. Biofeedback was recommended (grade B) for those with pelvic dyssynergi

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection