Análisis de ley de reparación a víctimas. Un enfoque hacia la violencia en Colombia

La Ley 1448 del 2011, conocida como Ley de víctimas y de restitución de tierras, es el instrumento por el cual el Estado se propuso reparar en forma integral las víctimas de desplazamiento, despojo o abandono en razón del conflicto armado interno colombiano, en miras de restablecer su dignidad y sus derechos, teniendo por objeto establecer un conjunto de medidas judiciales, administrativas, sociales, económicas, individuales y colectivas en beneficio de las víctimas que sufrieron violaciones de sus derechos en el marco del conflicto armado. Estas medidas pretenden hacer efectivo el derecho a la verdad, a la justicia y a la reparación patrimonial de las víctimas en el país, mediante diversos mecanismos que puedan llegar a solventar los daños sufridos a través del tiempo, esto en miras a poder dignificarlas por medio de la materialización real y concreta de sus derechos. Entre tanto, con el desarrollo de esta investigación se podrá observar, como la Ley de restitución de tierras efectivamente vela por la protección de los derechos y garantías de la población víctima del desarraigo forzoso, determinando los instrumentos o medidas implementadas para lograr la reparación individual e integral a las víctimas del conflicto armado interno, o si por el contrario esta población no ha recibido la asistencia adecuada por parte del Estado. Bajo el anterior panorama, se ha planteado la pregunta investigativa de la siguiente forma: ¿Cómo la Ley de 1448 del 2011 garantiza una reparación integral individual eficaz a las víctimas del desplazamiento forzado? dándole respuesta a esta pregunta se llegará a observar si realmente el Estado tiene respuestas eficaces enfocadas a las necesidades específicas de las víctimas del desplazamiento forzado. Asimismo, se ha planteado como hipótesis investigativa que: el Estado ha implementado una serie de medidas asistenciales para lograr reparar a las víctimas del conflicto armado interno, medidas con las cuales se pretende dignificar a las víctimas y suplir sus necesidades de la mejor forma, dichas medidas se enmarcan dentro de la Ley de reparación de víctimas; de esta forma, el Estado ha velado para que la población desplazada sea tomada en cuenta, garantizando así sus derechos y protegiendo su dignidad. Ahora, el conflicto armado en Colombia se prolongó por más de 50 años, en función de una guerra armada interna, pero fue en los años 90s donde los grupos armados inician una serie de actos para derrotar al Estado, creando estrategias en contra de la población civil (en su mayoría rural) como secuestros, masacres, desplazamientos y reclutamientos forzosos, vinculación de grupos al margen de la ley, violaciones y la siembra de minas antipersonas, entre otras. El Estado dio un gran paso con la Ley 1148 del 2011 en el marco del proceso de paz y en la construcción de un escenario de post-conflicto. Premeditada como mecanismo en la política transicional en el cual facilitará el camino hacia el posconflicto, ya que la Ley garantiza la protección de los derechos individuales de cada una de los sujetos de especial protección dentro del conflicto armado como los niños, niñas, adolecentes, mujeres, personas con orientación sexual diversa, adultos mayores, personas con limitaciones físicas, defensores de derechos humanos, sindicalistas, personas pertenecientes a grupos étnicos y afrocolombianos; Ahora bien, esta investigación se torna interesante y relevante a la vida académica, ya que analiza la justicia restaurativa contenida dentro de la Ley de Restitución de Tierras, de esta forma, se podrá observar como el Estado se hace presente para que las víctimas tengan una seguridad frente a la protección de sus derechos y con la identificación de las medidas de reparación integral que el Gobierno Nacional ha propuesto para garantizar los derechos de las víctimas del desplazamiento forzado, se entrelazan temas que tienen una importancia fundamental para todo aquel que estudie el derecho y la sociedad.Facultad de Derecho - Centro De Investigaciones Sociojurídicas - Derech

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Sex differences in oncogenic mutational processes

Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. Efforts to link these clinical differences to specific molecular features have focused on somatic mutations within the coding regions of the genome. Here we report a pan-cancer analysis of sex differences in whole genomes of 1983 tumours of 28 subtypes as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. We both confirm the results of exome studies, and also uncover previously undescribed sex differences. These include sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. These results underline the pervasiveness of molecular sex differences and strengthen the call for increased consideration of sex in molecular cancer research.Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. Efforts to link these clinical differences to specific molecular features have focused on somatic mutations within the coding regions of the genome. Here we report a pan-cancer analysis of sex differences in whole genomes of 1983 tumours of 28 subtypes as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. We both confirm the results of exome studies, and also uncover previously undescribed sex differences. These include sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. These results underline the pervasiveness of molecular sex differences and strengthen the call for increased consideration of sex in molecular cancer research.Peer reviewe

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts.The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that -80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAFPeer reviewe

Sex differences in oncogenic mutational processes

Funder: Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002790Funder: Genome Canada (Génome Canada); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100008762Funder: Canada Foundation for Innovation (Fondation canadienne pour l'innovation); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000196Funder: Terry Fox Research Institute (Institut de Recherche Terry Fox); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004376Abstract: Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. Efforts to link these clinical differences to specific molecular features have focused on somatic mutations within the coding regions of the genome. Here we report a pan-cancer analysis of sex differences in whole genomes of 1983 tumours of 28 subtypes as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. We both confirm the results of exome studies, and also uncover previously undescribed sex differences. These include sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. These results underline the pervasiveness of molecular sex differences and strengthen the call for increased consideration of sex in molecular cancer research

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Revista Temas Agrarios Volumen 26; Suplemento 1 de 2021

1st International and 2nd National Symposium of Agronomic Sciences: The rebirth of the scientific discussion space for the Colombian Agro.1 Simposio Intenacional y 2 Nacional de Ciencias Agronómicas: El renacer del espacio de discusión científica para el Agro colombiano

Disruption of chromatin folding domains by somatic genomic rearrangements in human cancer

Chromatin is folded into successive layers to organize linear DNA. Genes within the same topologically associating domains (TADs) demonstrate similar expression and histone-modification profiles, and boundaries separating different domains have important roles in reinforcing the stability of these features. Indeed, domain disruptions in human cancers can lead to misregulation of gene expression. However, the frequency of domain disruptions in human cancers remains unclear. Here, as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), which aggregated whole-genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumor types, we analyzed 288,457 somatic structural variations (SVs) to understand the distributions and effects of SVs across TADs. Notably, SVs can lead to the fusion of discrete TADs, and complex rearrangements markedly change chromatin folding maps in the cancer genomes. Notably, only 14% of the boundary deletions resulted in a change in expression in nearby genes of more than twofold.A pan-cancer genomic analysis reports the effects of structural variations on chromatin domains (TADs). Most TAD disruptions do not result in appreciable changes in expression of nearby genes