Re-examining Paul Broca’s initial presentation of M. Leborgne: understanding the impetus for brain and language research

The 150th anniversary affords an opportunity to revisit the circumstances surrounding Paul Broca’s case report celebrated today as the moment of discovery of aphasia. The proceedings from January to June 1861 of the Paris Society of Anthropology are examined to reconstruct the events surrounding the report of M. Leborgne on April 18th. From a close reading of the presentations and discussions which took place during this period it is apparent that Broca’s case report was a minor diversion to a debate about cranial measurements and their relation to intelligence in individuals and racial groups. Moreover, it appears that little attention was granted to Broca’s first case at the time. While his ideas about localization and specialization developed and change over the next decade, it represented a minor field of interest for him. Nevertheless Broca’s work on aphasia inspired research throughout Europe and North America and went on to have a lasting impact on both aphasiology and neuropsychology

Gallbladder Cancer Predisposition: A Multigenic Approach to DNA-Repair, Apoptotic and Inflammatory Pathway Genes

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a multifactorial disease with complex interplay between multiple genetic variants. We performed Classification and Regression Tree Analysis (CART) and Grade of Membership (GoM) analysis to identify combinations of alleles among the DNA repair, inflammatory and apoptotic pathway genetic variants in modifying the risk for GBC. We analyzed 16 polymorphisms in 8 genes involved in DNA repair, apoptotic and inflammatory pathways to find out combinations of genetic variants contributing to GBC risk. The genes included in the study were XRCC1, OGG1, ERCC2, MSH2, CASP8, TLR2, TLR4 and PTGS2. Single locus analysis by logistic regression showed association of MSH2 IVS1+9G>C (rs2303426), ERCC2 Asp312Asn (rs1799793), OGG1 Ser326Cys (rs1052133), OGG1 IVS4-15C>G (rs2072668), CASP8 -652 6N ins/del (rs3834129), PTGS2 -1195G>A (rs689466), PTGS2 -765G>C (rs20417), TLR4 Ex4+936C>T (rs4986791) and TLR2 –196 to –174del polymorphisms with GBC risk. The CART analysis revealed OGG1 Ser326Cys, and OGG1 IVS4-15C>G polymorphisms as the best polymorphic signature for discriminating between cases and controls. In the GoM analysis, the data was categorized into six sets representing risk for GBC with respect to the investigated polymorphisms. Sets I, II and III described low intrinsic risk (controls) characterized by multiple protective alleles while sets IV, V and VI represented high intrinsic risk groups (GBC cases) characterized by the presence of multiple risk alleles. The CART and GoM analyses also showed the importance of PTGS2 -1195G>A polymorphism in susceptibility to GBC risk. In conclusion, the present multigenic approach can be used to define individual risk profiles for gallbladder cancer in North Indian population

Track A Basic Science

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138319/1/jia218438.pd

Figures de la royauté en Angleterre de Shakespeare à la Glorieuse Révolution

La nature et la fonction de la royauté dans l'Etat sont des questions qui traversent tous les grands débats de société en Angleterre, Le présent volume étudie les représentations de la royauté anglaise, de la Renaissance à la fin-du XVIIe siècle. Shakespeare place la crise de la royauté au cœur de ses deux tétralogies historiques qui brossent une vaste fresque de l'histoire nationale. À récrire l'histoire pour la rendre plus spectaculaire encore, il donne au drame de la déposition du roi une dimension personnelle, religieuse et politique. Il dépeint la constitution d'une identité nationale acquise au prix de la sueur, du sang et des larmes. Le jugement, la condamnation et l'exécution du roi Charles Ier signent la fin de la vision élisabéthaine du monde. La royauté cesse de faire question. Elle n'est plus affaire de croyance mais de convenance. Les rois qui règneront désormais gouverneront de moins en moins