Patterns of Suicidal Ideation and Behavior in Northern Ireland and Associations with Conflict Related Trauma

In this study, data from the World Mental Health Survey's Northern Ireland (NI) Study of Health and Stress (NISHS) was used to assess the associations between conflict- and non-conflict-related traumatic events and suicidal behaviour, controlling for age and gender and the effects of mental disorders in NI. DSM mental disorders and suicidal ideation, plans and attempts were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in a multi-stage, clustered area probability household sample (N = 4,340, response rate 68.4%). The traumatic event categories were based on event types listed in the PTSD section of the CIDI. Suicidal ideation and attempts were more common in women than men, however, rates of suicide plans were similar for both genders. People with mood, anxiety and substance disorders were significantly more likely than those without to endorse suicidal ideation, plan or attempt. The highest odds ratios for all suicidal behaviors were for people with any mental disorder. However, the odds of seriously considering suicide were significantly higher for people with conflict and non-conflict-related traumatic events compared with people who had not experienced a traumatic event. The odds of having a suicide plan remain significantly higher for people with conflict-related traumatic events compared to those with only non-conflict-related events and no traumatic events. Finally, the odds of suicide attempt were significantly higher for people who have only non-conflict-related traumatic events compared with the other two categories. The results suggest that traumatic events associated with the NI conflict may be associated with suicidal ideation and plans, and this effect appears to be in addition to that explained by the presence of mental disorders. The reduced rates of suicide attempts among people who have had a conflict-related traumatic event may reflect a higher rate of single, fatal suicide attempts in this population

Critical review of strategic planning research in hospitality and tourism

Strategic planning remains one of the most popular management tools, but theoretical and empirical developments in the academic literature have been a slow burn. This paper addresses this gap and provides an up-to-date review of hospitality and tourism strategic planning research. We review strategic planning research from 1995 to 2013 in seven leading tourism academic journals, and adopt a modern and broad conceptualization of strategic planning. While there is some awareness of effective tourism strategic planning processes, academic research has not kept pace with practice. To stimulate a resurgence of research interest, we provide future research directions. We observe a methodological introspection and present some new research methodologies, which are critically important in researching the turbulent, chaotic and nonlinear tourism environment

Towards a better future: the trans-generational impact of the Troubles on mental health.

• Chapter 1: The impact of the conflict’s legacy on children in Northern Ireland: A review of the research 27 • Chapter 2: The impact of the conflict’s legacy on early years’ development of children and young people 36 • Chapter 3: Latent profiles of childhood adversity, exposure to Troubles/ conflict related trauma and mental health disorders in the Northern Ireland population 50 • Chapter 4: Trans-generational trauma in Northern Ireland: Results from the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress 60 • Chapter 5: The impact of the legacy of the Troubles on suicidal behaviour 68 • Chapter 6: Treating trans-generational trauma and building resilience among young people in Northern Ireland 80 • Chapter 7: A survey of organisations in Northern Ireland concerned and working with the trans-generational impact of the Troubles on children and young people 93 P.11 At a societal level the research provided evidence that identified the following key findings: • The majority of people who experienced traumatic events and violence are not adversely affected in the long term; • However a group of people have developed problems including mental disorders which have impacted on their functioning at family and community levels. The most recent figures estimate that this group represents around 14% of the adult population; • Alcohol and other drugs are commonly used among those adversely affected by the Troubles; • Economic deprivation constitutes an additional stressor which in turn impacts negatively on mental and general health; and • The political and social divisions in Northern Ireland impact upon social integration and are associated with sectarianism and increasingly racism, homophobia and “hate crime”

Toward the Mechanism of Corrosion in Crude Oil: A Study Using Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques at Elevated Temperatures

Naphthenic acid, a significant cause of corrosion of carbon-steel in crude oil, has been investigated at elevated temperatures using vibrational spectroscopic methods (Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)). Unlike earlier reports of studies at ambient temperatures, these elevated temperature experiments performed on a series of carboxylic acids having structures similar to naphthenic acid components in crude oil and on a commercial naphthenic acid mixture show a progressive increase with increasing temperature in the concentration of monomer over the multimers, which drives the formation of iron naphthenate. This observation forms a reasonable basis for proposing a mechanism of corrosion in crude oil at temperatures closer to the boiling point of naphthenic acids, which proceeds through the acid monomer

Logistic regression analyses of socio-demographic and conflict related trauma correlates of suicidal ideation, plans and attempt.

1<p>p = 0.000 ²p = 0.024 ³p = 0.05 ⁴p = 0.023</p><p>For sex the comparator category is male so only the OR for females is shown.</p><p>For age the comparator category is 18-34.</p

Prevalence (%) of lifetime suicide ideation, plan, and attempts among women (n = 2441) and men (n = 1899) in the NISHS.

1<p>p<0.05</p><p>- missing CI and p value due to stratum with single sampling unit.</p

Proportions endorsing suicidal ideation, plans and attempt among those with no traumatic event, only non-conflict related traumatic events, conflict-related traumatic events and any traumatic event.

<p>χ² test indicates a significant difference compared to those with no traumatic event ¹P = 0.0000 ²p = 0.0002 ³p = 0.0001 ⁴p = 0.0018 ⁵p = 0.0024.</p

CAMP prediction results.

<p>Using 3 different web-based CAMP prediction applications (<i>CAMP database, AntiBP2 and APD2</i>) each peptide was scored and given a prediction of whether it would have antimicrobial activity (AMP) or not (Non-AMP).</p><p>* <i>AntiBP2</i> requires the sequence length of ≥ 15 amino acids for a prediction score.</p><p><i>CAMP</i> database: <a href="http://www.camp.bicnirrh.res.in/" target="_blank">http://www.camp.bicnirrh.res.in/</a>.</p><p><i>AntiBP2:</i><a href="http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/antibp2/" target="_blank">http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/antibp2/</a>.</p><p><i>APD2:</i><a href="http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/prediction/prediction_main.php" target="_blank">http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/prediction/prediction_main.php</a>.</p><p>CAMP prediction results.</p