Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens: Impact on Human Health and Economy

The drug abuse known to occur during growth of animals intended for food production, because of their use as either a prophylactic or therapeutic treatment, promotes the emergence of bacterial drug resistance. It has been reported that at least 25% of the foodborne isolates show drug resistance to one or more classes of antimicrobials (FAO 2018). There are diverse mechanisms that promote drug resistance. It is known that the use of sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics in animals intended for food production promotes mutations of some chromosomal genes such as gyrA-parC and mphA, which are responsible for quinolone and azithromycin resistance, respectively. Also, the horizontal transfer of resistance genes as groups (“cassettes”) or plasmids makes the spread of resistance to different bacterial genera possible, among which there could be pathogens. The World Health Organization considers the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria as a health problem, since the illnesses caused by them complicate the treatment and increase the morbidity and mortality rates. The complication in the illness treatment caused by a multidrug-resistant pathogen causes economic losses to patients for the payment of long stays in hospitals and also causes economic losses to companies due to the absenteeism of their workers

Prevalencia y resistencia a antibióticos de Escherichia coli O157:H7 aislada de canales de bovinos sacrificados en rastros del altiplano central Mexicano

La carne es el principal vehículo de toxiinfecciones alimentarias como consecuencia de una higiene deficiente en el sacrificio de los animales o durante el manejo de las canales. En este estudio se analizaron tres rastros municipales del Altiplano Central Mexicano, de los cuales se obtuvieron 228 muestras pareadas de canal (n=114) y contenido de colon (n=114) de bovinos que fueron sacrificados en estos rastros; se obtuvieron 2 (0.8 %) cepas de E. coli O157:NM a partir de contenido de colon y 6 (2.6 %) cepas de E. coli O157:H7 (5 de canales y 1 de contenido de colon). El porcentaje de aislamiento de cada rastro fue variable, encontrando diferencias significativas (P<0.05). En las cepas de E. coli O157:NM y O157:H7 se observa que la resistencia más alta fue para cefalotina con un 75 %, carbencilina con 62.5 %, amikacina con 50 % y gentamicina con 50 %, el 16.7 % de las cepas de E. coli O157:H7 presentaron los genes eae, stx1 y stx2 y el 66.7 % los gen eae y stx2. En conclusión los resultados obtenidos muestra la presencia E. coli O157:H7 con factores de virulencia y resistencia a antibióticos, en canales de bovinos de rastrosdel altiplano central Mexicano, considerándose una fuente de contaminación importante y un riesgo para la salud pública

Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes recovered throughout the beef production chain and from patients with salmonellosis

Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of this foodborne pathogen has raised a great concern in recent years. Studies on the frequency and characterization of Salmonella serotypes can help to improve our knowledge on the epidemiology of this pathogen. The purpose of this study was to compare the serotypes, AMR and genetic profiles of Salmonella isolates recovered from raw beef throughout the beef production chain and from human feces associated with clinical cases of salmonellosis. The serotype, AMR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile of 243 Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from beef carcasses (n = 78), ground beef (n = 135), and human feces from clinical cases of salmonellosis (n = 30) were compared. Forty-three different Salmonella serotypes were identified and regardless of the source, the top five corresponded to Typhimurium, Give, Group B (partially serotyped), Infantis and Anatum. Twelve serotypes from beef carcasses were also found in ground beef, showing their presence throughout the beef production chain. Salmonella Typhimurium, Infantis, Anatum and Montevideo were the only serotypes identified in all sample types. Resistance to tetracyclines was the most frequent (41.2%) followed by resistance to aminoglycosides (37%), folate pathway inhibitors (21%), quinolones (20.2%), phenicols (17.1%), penicillins (15.6%) and cephems (7%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 28.8% of the isolates, and those from human feces showed resistance to a larger number of antimicrobials. Great concern arises from the resistance and reduced susceptibility observed to quinolones and cephalosporins because these drugs are the first line of treatment for invasive Salmonella infections. Twenty-seven distinct pulse-types were detected among 238 isolates. Clustering analysis for the most frequent serotypes identified groups of isolates with similar AMR profiles. Multidrug resistance spreading throughout the food production chain should be continually monitored and its importance emphasized

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Resistencia antimicrobiana de Salmonella spp aisladas de canales de cerdo obtenidas de dos tipos de rastros en Jalisco, México

Salmonella is one of the main bacteria causing foodborne illness. Research into antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella is increasingly important as treatment of salmonellosis becomes more difficult. An analysis was done of samples from pig carcasses in two slaughterhouse types (federal-inspected and municipal) in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Thirty-eight Salmonella strains were isolated, with fewer (P<0.05) strains (n= 1) in the federal-inspected slaughterhouse than in the municipal one (n= 37).  This difference is probably due to stricter sanitation measures in the federal-inspected slaughterhouse. The main identified Salmonella serotypes were London (44.7 %), Anatum (15.8 %), and Agona, Muenchen and Typhimurium (7.9 %). Resistance was broadest against aminoglycosides  (100 %), tetracyclines  (73.7 %) and ciprofloxacin (44.7 %). Most (66.6 %) of the strains were resistant to three or four different antimicrobial classes. Presence of the gene coding for integrase 1 was confirmed. In the sampled slaughterhouses Salmonella strains have acquired genetic elements promoting resistance to different antimicrobial classes, potentially complicating treatment of infections caused by them. Implementation of better practices and compliance with existing regulations could contribute to reducing the frequency of Salmonella isolates in the sampled slaughterhouses.Salmonella es una de las principales bacterias que originan enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. El estudio de la resistencia mostrada por Salmonella a diferentes antimicrobianos ha cobrado importancia en los últimos años debido a las complicaciones en el tratamiento de las infecciones causadas por cepas resistentes. Este estudio muestra el perfil de resistencia de cepas de Salmonella aisladas en dos rastros que se diferencian en los procesos de sacrificio y faenado del ganado porcino. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que el rastro que ha implementado y cumple con los procesos sanitarios de obtención de la carne tiene una menor cantidad de aislamientos de Salmonella (1.3 %), que aquel cuyas prácticas de higiene son menos rigurosas (46.8 %) (P<0.05). Los principales serotipos de  Salmonella encontrados  fueron London  (44.7 %), Anatum (15.8 %), Agona, Muenchen y Typhimurium (7.9 %). La resistencia a los aminoglucósidos (100 %), tetraciclinas (73.7 %) y ciprofloxacina (44.7 %) fueron predominantes en los aislamientos evaluados. El 66.6 % de las cepas evaluadas fueron resistentes a 3 ó 4 clases diferentes de antimicrobianos, y se encontró la presencia del gen que codifica para la integrasa 1. Los resultados muestran que Salmonella ha adquirido diferentes elementos genéticos que la vuelven resistente a diferentes clases de antimicrobianos, complicando el tratamiento de una infección causada por este patógeno. Así mismo, sugieren que la implementación y cumplimiento de los procesos sanitarios de obtención de la carne del ganado porcino disminuyen los aislamientos de Salmonella en las canales

Antimicrobial residues found in poultry commercialized in retail stores from the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Jalisco

La mayor demanda de producción de grandes cantidades de carne y productos animales para el consumo humano ha promovido el uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos. El aumento del uso de estas sustancias en la producción de aves de corral tiene consecuencias negativas en la Salud Pública debido a que la acumulación de residuos de antimicrobianos en los órganos y tejidos de las aves de corral podría llegar al consumidor. La presencia de residuos de antimicrobianos puede causar problemas de hipersensibilidad en los seres humanos, o la aparición de patógenos resistentes a los antimicrobianos. El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de residuos de antimicrobianos en riñón y tejido muscular de las aves de corral, comercializados en cuatro municipios de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, Jalisco. Los resultados muestran que las muestras de riñón tuvieron un mayor número de resultados positivos en comparación con el tejido muscular. Los inhibidores de la vía del folato (sulfametazina) fueron los antimicrobianos con mayor número de resultados positivos en las muestras de riñón. En contraste, en el tejido muscular, los β-Lactámicos (penicilina) fueron los antimicrobianos con mayor número de muestras positivas. En cuanto al análisis de los resultados por municipios, se observó que uno de ellos mostró un mayor número de muestras positivas para todas las clases de antimicrobianos evaluados. Este trabajo muestra la presencia de residuos de antimicrobianos en los riñones y tejidos musculares de las aves de corral, comercializados en sitios minoristas. Por lo tanto, es necesario aumentar los esfuerzos para monitorear y controlar el uso de antimicrobianos en las granjas avícolas.The increased demand to produce large quantities of meat and animal products for human consumption has promoted the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. The increased use of these substances in the production of poultry, has negative consequences on Public Health due to the fact that the accumulation of antimicrobial residues in the organs and tissues of poultry might reach the consumer. The presence of antimicrobial residues can cause problems of hypersensitivity in humans, or the emergence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens. The purpose of this work was to assess the presence of antimicrobial residues in kidney and muscle tissue of poultry, commercialized in four municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Jalisco. The results show that kidney samples had a higher number of positive results compared to muscle tissue. Inhibitors of the folate pathway (sulfamethazine) were the antimicrobials with the highest number of positive results in kidney samples. In contrast, in muscle tissue, β-Lactam (penicillin) were the antimicrobials with the highest number of positive samples. Regarding the analysis of the results by municipalities, it was observed that one of them showed a greater number of positive samples for all the classes of antimicrobials evaluated. This work shows the presence of antimicrobial residues in kidney and muscle tissues of poultry, commercialized in retail sites. Therefore, it is necessary to increase efforts to monitor and control the use of antimicrobial in poultry farms

Genetic characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from cattle carcasses and feces in Mexico State

Meat of bovine origin is one of the major vehicles in the transmission of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) to human consumers. This pathogen can produce serious human illness, including bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The aim of the current study was to characterize E. coli isolates (mainly VTEC strains) belonging to several serotypes in samples from cattle carcasses and feces of three municipal slaughter plants from Mexico State. The genetic diversity and molecular relatedness among the isolates was evaluated with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). To our knowledge, and with the exception of E. coli O157:H7, this is the first time that serotypes analyzed here have been subtyped by MLVA in Mexico. MLVA typing grouped the 37 strains from this study into 30 distinct genotypes, 26 of which were unique. These findings indicate that cattle carcasses and feces from slaughter plants in Mexico are a source of VTEC that are genetically diverse in terms of serotypes and virulence profiles. The presence of these pathogens in carcasses indicates the high probability of the spread of VTEC strains during slaughter and processing.Fil: Reyes Rodríguez, Nydia E.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Soriano Vargas, Edgardo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Barba León, Jeannette. Universidad de Guadalajara; MéxicoFil: Navarro, Armando. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Talavera Rojas, Martín. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Sanso, Andrea Mariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Bustamante, Ana Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentin

Prevalencia y resistencia a antibióticos de Escherichia coli O157:H7 aislada de canales de bovinos sacrificados en rastros del altiplano central Mexicano

"La carne es el principal vehículo de toxiinfecciones alimentarias como consecuencia de una higiene deficiente en el sacrificio de los animales o durante el manejo de las canales. En este estudio se analizaron tres rastros municipales del Altiplano Centr

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified