Disentangling Frequency and Talker Variability in a Statistical Learning Task Investigating Child Speech Acquisition

Past research suggests that statistical patterns in a child’s native language influence the child’s speech production accuracy (Stoel-Gammon, 1998; Plante, Bahl, Vance, & Gerken, 2011). In addition to hearing some forms more often than others, children also hear forms from a variety of talkers in their environments (parents, caretakers, etc.). This variable, known as talker variability, can have facilitative effects on children’s ability to reproduce nonwords (Plante et al., 2011; Richtsmeier, Gerken, Goffman, and Hogan, 2009).To further investigate frequency and talker variability, the current study employed a within-subjects design to expose 3-4 year olds to four levels of experimental frequency, with and without talker variability. The results of this study suggest a benefit for perceptual frequencies greater than 1, and for production practice. Benefits from talker variability should not be ruled out, but may be less robust than basic perceptual frequency.Communication Sciences & Disorder

Apego y emociones en la niñez media y adolescencia

The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate the current state of the literature with regards to attachment and its relationship to emotion in middle childhood and adolescence. This is a relatively new topic of interest and one which is well grounded in theory. The attachment relationship between parents and children is a key mechanism by which children and adolescents learn emotion skills, including emotion understanding, coping strategies, and how to manage different affective experiences. The review is organized by emotion domain, including emotion understanding, affective experiences, physiological indicators of arousal and emotion, and processes for the regulation of emotion. We included studies which presented data for children and adolescents ages 6-18, and included measures of emotion and parent-child attachment. Although some areas have been investigated more than others, we found that secure attachment was related to more adaptive functioning in each of the emotion domains. Finally, we review future directions to be explored and address gaps in the current literature.El propósito de este análisis es resumir y evaluar es estado actual de la literatura con respecto al apego y su relación con emociones en la niñez media y adolescencia. Este es un tema de interés relativamente nuevo y con buenos conocimientos teóricos. La relación de apego entre los padres y los hijos es el mecanismo clave a través del cual los hijos y adolescentes aprenden destrezas emocionales, incluido entendimiento emocional, estrategias de afrontamiento y cómo manejar diferentes experiencias afectivas. El análisis es organizado según las competencias emocionales, incluido entendimiento emocional, experiencias afectivas, indicadores fisiológicos de excitación y emociones, y procesos para la regulación de emociones. Hemos incluido estudios que presentan datos para niños y adolescentes de entre 6 y 18 años, y también medidas de emociones y apego padres-hijos. Aunque algunos campos fueron investigados mejor que otros, nosotros hemos comprobado que el apego seguro está relacionado con el funcionamiento más adaptado en cada uno de dominios emocionales. Finalmente, analizamos las direcciones futuras que están por explorar y abordamos los huecos en la literatura presente

International medical graduates in family medicine in the United States of America: an exploration of professional characteristics and attitudes

BACKGROUND: The number of international medical graduates (IMGs) entering family medicine in the United States of America has steadily increased since 1997. Previous research has examined practice locations of these IMGs and their role in providing care to underserved populations. To our knowledge, research does not exist comparing professional profiles, credentials and attitudes among IMG and United States medical graduate (USMG) family physicians in the United States. The objective of this study is to determine, at the time when a large influx of IMGs into family medicine began, whether differences existed between USMG and IMG family physicians in regard to personal and professional characteristics and attitudes that may have implications for the health care system resulting from the increasing numbers of IMGs in family medicine in the United States. METHODS: This is a secondary data analysis of the 1996–1997 Community Tracking Study (CTS) Physician Survey comparing 2360 United States medical graduates and 366 international medical graduates who were nonfederal allopathic or osteopathic family physicians providing direct patient care for at least 20 hours per week. RESULTS: Compared to USMGs, IMGs were older (p < 0.001) and practised in smaller (p = 0.0072) and younger practices (p < 0.001). Significantly more IMGs practised in metropolitan areas versus rural areas (p = 0.0454). More IMG practices were open to all new Medicaid (p = 0.018) and Medicare (p = 0.0451) patients, and a greater percentage of their revenue was derived from these patients (p = 0.0020 and p = 0.0310). Fewer IMGs were board-certified (p < 0.001). More IMGs were dissatisfied with their overall careers (p = 0.0190). IMGs and USMGs did not differ in terms of self-rated ability to deliver high-quality care to their patients (p = 0.4626). For several of the clinical vignettes, IMGs were more likely to order tests, refer patients to specialists or require office visits than USMGs. CONCLUSION: There are significant differences between IMG and USMG family physicians' professional profiles and attitudes. These differences from 1997 merit further exploration and possible follow-up, given the increased proportion of family physicians who are IMGs in the United States

The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing Psychology Through a Distributed Collaborative Network

Source at https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607.Concerns about the veracity of psychological research have been growing. Many findings in psychological science are based on studies with insufficient statistical power and nonrepresentative samples, or may otherwise be limited to specific, ungeneralizable settings or populations. Crowdsourced research, a type of large-scale collaboration in which one or more research projects are conducted across multiple lab sites, offers a pragmatic solution to these and other current methodological challenges. The Psychological Science Accelerator (PSA) is a distributed network of laboratories designed to enable and support crowdsourced research projects. These projects can focus on novel research questions or replicate prior research in large, diverse samples. The PSA’s mission is to accelerate the accumulation of reliable and generalizable evidence in psychological science. Here, we describe the background, structure, principles, procedures, benefits, and challenges of the PSA. In contrast to other crowdsourced research networks, the PSA is ongoing (as opposed to time limited), efficient (in that structures and principles are reused for different projects), decentralized, diverse (in both subjects and researchers), and inclusive (of proposals, contributions, and other relevant input from anyone inside or outside the network). The PSA and other approaches to crowdsourced psychological science will advance understanding of mental processes and behaviors by enabling rigorous research and systematic examination of its generalizability

To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply?

Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence–dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov’s methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov’s original analysis strategy, the valence–dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence–dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Making Sense of The Senseless: Identity, Justice, and the Framing of Environmental Crises

Responses to environmental crises will depend on the way in which these events are understood and characterized, perceptions that may be affected by media frames as well as by individual motivations. This paper reports on two studies looking at the role of justice and framing of environmental problems. In Study 1, 297 participants were asked to characterize the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon as an injustice, a crime, or a natural disaster following a description of the event that focused on one of several different types of harm. They also rated harm caused, responsibility for the harm, and their own affective response. In Study 2, 387 participants read a paragraph about climate change that focused on one of several targets of harm and then rated the threat of climate change, responsibility for addressing climate change, and affective response. In both studies, general belief in a just world was associated with weaker negative affect, whereas environmental identity and a liberal political orientation were associated with stronger responses. Business and industry were seen as primarily responsible for both causing and remediating the problems. Framing the issue had a limited influence. The results suggest that political differences in environmental concern are associated with different characterizations of environmental crises and that a desire for justice can both facilitate and hamper pro-environmental responses. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

Apego y emociones en la niñez media y adolescencia

The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate the current state of the literature with regards to attachment and its relationship to emotion in middle childhood and adolescence. This is a relatively new topic of interest and one which is well grounded in theory. The attachment relationship between parents and children is a key mechanism by which children and adolescents learn emotion skills, including emotion understanding, coping strategies, and how to manage different affective experiences. The review is organized by emotion domain, including emotion understanding, affective experiences, physiological indicators of arousal and emotion, and processes for the regulation of emotion. We included studies which presented data for children and adolescents ages 6-18, and included measures of emotion and parent-child attachment. Although some areas have been investigated more than others, we found that secure attachment was related to more adaptive functioning in each of the emotion domains. Finally, we review future directions to be explored and address gaps in the current literature.El propósito de este análisis es resumir y evaluar es estado actual de la literatura con respecto al apego y su relación con emociones en la niñez media y adolescencia. Este es un tema de interés relativamente nuevo y con buenos conocimientos teóricos. La relación de apego entre los padres y los hijos es el mecanismo clave a través del cual los hijos y adolescentes aprenden destrezas emocionales, incluido entendimiento emocional, estrategias de afrontamiento y cómo manejar diferentes experiencias afectivas. El análisis es organizado según las competencias emocionales, incluido entendimiento emocional, experiencias afectivas, indicadores fisiológicos de excitación y emociones, y procesos para la regulación de emociones. Hemos incluido estudios que presentan datos para niños y adolescentes de entre 6 y 18 años, y también medidas de emociones y apego padres-hijos. Aunque algunos campos fueron investigados mejor que otros, nosotros hemos comprobado que el apego seguro está relacionado con el funcionamiento más adaptado en cada uno de dominios emocionales. Finalmente, analizamos las direcciones futuras que están por explorar y abordamos los huecos en la literatura presente