360 research outputs found

    Assessment of analytical techniques for characterization of crystalline clopidogrel forms in patent applications

    Get PDF
    Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar dois aspectos importantes em um pedido de patente de formas cristalinas de fĂĄrmacos: (i) caracterização fĂ­sico-quĂ­mica das formas cristalinas e (ii)o procedimento de preparo da forma II do fĂĄrmaco clopidogrel, um blockbuster de vendas. Realizaram-se buscas em bancos de dados patentĂĄrios on line. Os resultados mostraram que (i) a maioria dos pedidos de patente de formas cristalinas do clopidogrel nĂŁo se adequam com proposta do INPI devido ao nĂșmero insuficiente de tĂ©cnicas analĂ­ticas utilizadas na caracterização da fase cristalina. Ainda, em alguns pedidos de patente nĂŁo hĂĄ a presença da avaliação da pureza quĂ­mica/cristalogrĂĄfica; (ii) a importĂąncia de se utilizar mais de duas tĂ©cnicas de avaliação e (iii) que nĂŁo foi possĂ­vel a reprodução da cristalização com o procedimento apresentado no pedido de patente.The aim of this study was to evaluate two important aspects of patent applications of crystalline forms of drugs: (i) the physicochemical characterization of the crystalline forms; and (ii) the procedure for preparing crystals of the blockbuster drug clopidogrel. To this end, searches were conducted using online patent databases. The results showed that: (i) the majority of patent applications for clopidogrel crystalline forms failed to comply with proposed Brazilian Patent Office guidelines. This was primarily due to insufficient number of analytical techniques evaluating the crystalline phase. In addition, some patent applications lacked assessment of chemical/crystallography purity; (ii) use of more than two analytical techniques is important; and (iii) the crystallization procedure for clopidogrel bisulfate form II were irreproducible based on the procedure given in the patent application

    Estudo do aproveitamento do calor dissipado em condensadores de ares condicionados para aquecimento da ĂĄgua para o banho/ Study on the use of dissipated heat in air conditioners for heating water for the bath

    Get PDF
     O Brasil Ă© o paĂ­s em que as pessoas tomam mais banho no mundo. Em mĂ©dia, toma 20 banhos por semana. Desta forma, os chuveiros elĂ©tricos sĂŁo um dos principais consumidores de energia nas residĂȘncias brasileiras. Outro equipamento com significativo consumo de energia Ă© o ar condicionado. Contudo, a quantidade de energia que Ă© liberada no ar condicionado Ă© muito superior, podendo esta ser mais do que 5 vezes a quantidade de energia consumida. Esse calor Ă© dissipado na unidade condensadora dos aparelhos de ar condicionado, diante disto, este trabalho tem por objetivo, estudar a viabilidade de se aproveitar este calor para o aquecimento da ĂĄgua utilizada no banho. O trabalho analisa o potencial impacto econĂŽmico que isto causaria e o comportamento da troca tĂ©rmica, entre o condensador de uma bancada de refrigeração e a ĂĄgua. Os resultados foram promissores, mediante a ĂĄgua ter alcançado uma temperatura acima da de conforto

    MACROECOLOGIA, BIOGEOGRAFIA E ÁREAS PRIORITÁRIAS PARA CONSERVAÇÃO NO CERRADO

    Get PDF
    revista vol 13 nÂș 3.indd HĂĄ consenso entre os cientistas de que a hĂĄ atualmente uma “crise da biodiversidade”, resultado da constante e intensa perda de habitat natural causada pela expansĂŁo da ocupação. Como a biologia da conservação tem sido muitas vezes reconhecida como uma ciĂȘncia da crise, ela deve fornecer informaçÔes capazes de mediar, de forma mais cientĂ­fica possĂ­vel, as tomadas de decisĂŁo que sĂŁo necessĂĄrias. Dentre estas, uma das mais importantes Ă© indicar regiĂ”es prioritĂĄrias para a conservação, jĂĄ que por motivos Ăłbvios nĂŁo Ă© possĂ­vel preservar todos os ecossistemas por inteiro. Nesse contexto, recentemente sugeriu-se que a aplicação de princĂ­pios, teorias e anĂĄlises provenientes da biogeografia e da macroecologia seriam importantes na Biologia da Conservação, formalizando uma abordagem que tem sido denominada “Biogeografia da Conservação”. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo Ă© discutir e revisar esses componentes da biogeografia da conservação, utilizando uma abordagem macroecolĂłgica para desenvolver e aplicar mĂ©todos de planejamento sistemĂĄtico em conservação, utilizando o bioma Cerrado como um modelo de estudo. Foram discutidos inicialmente os padrĂ”es de riqueza e diversidade beta e, em um segundo momento, como esses padrĂ”es podem ser correlacionados Ă  ocupação humana do Bioma. Essa relação Ă© fundamental para subsidiar a aplicação de modelos de planejamento sistemĂĄtico de conservação em escala regional (anĂĄlises de insubstituibilidade, complementaridade e de lacunas). É preciso considerar tambĂ©m que hĂĄ sĂ©rias falhas de conhecimento sobre os padrĂ”es de biodiversidade na regiĂŁo e que a escolha de grupos indicadores pode ser importante para minimizar problemas gerados pela falta de conhecimento. Assim, essa abordagem Ă© interessante em um cenĂĄrio de grandes incertezas (ausĂȘncia de dados detalhados) e de rĂĄpida transformação da paisagem, possibilitando a otimização de estudos em grandes escalas e depois transferir os resultados para escalas espaciais mais locais e realmente relevantes para a conservação. Nessas regiĂ”es, podem ser realizados, em um segundo momento, estudos mais detalhados a fim de avaliar padrĂ”es de viabilidade populacional, fragmentação de habitat e regiĂ”es potenciais de manutenção da diversidade genĂ©tica

    Observation of associated near-side and away-side long-range correlations in √sNN=5.02  TeV proton-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector

    Get PDF
    Two-particle correlations in relative azimuthal angle (Δϕ) and pseudorapidity (Δη) are measured in √sNN=5.02  TeV p+Pb collisions using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements are performed using approximately 1  Όb-1 of data as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the transverse energy (ÎŁETPb) summed over 3.1<η<4.9 in the direction of the Pb beam. The correlation function, constructed from charged particles, exhibits a long-range (2<|Δη|<5) “near-side” (Δϕ∌0) correlation that grows rapidly with increasing ÎŁETPb. A long-range “away-side” (Δϕ∌π) correlation, obtained by subtracting the expected contributions from recoiling dijets and other sources estimated using events with small ÎŁETPb, is found to match the near-side correlation in magnitude, shape (in Δη and Δϕ) and ÎŁETPb dependence. The resultant Δϕ correlation is approximately symmetric about π/2, and is consistent with a dominant cos⁥2Δϕ modulation for all ÎŁETPb ranges and particle pT

    Measurement of the cross-section of high transverse momentum vector bosons reconstructed as single jets and studies of jet substructure in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

    Get PDF
    This paper presents a measurement of the cross-section for high transverse momentum W and Z bosons produced in pp collisions and decaying to all-hadronic final states. The data used in the analysis were recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV;{\rm Te}{\rm V}andcorrespondtoanintegratedluminosityof and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.6\;{\rm f}{{{\rm b}}^{-1}}.ThemeasurementisperformedbyreconstructingtheboostedWorZbosonsinsinglejets.ThereconstructedjetmassisusedtoidentifytheWandZbosons,andajetsubstructuremethodbasedonenergyclusterinformationinthejetcentre−of−massframeisusedtosuppressthelargemulti−jetbackground.Thecross−sectionforeventswithahadronicallydecayingWorZboson,withtransversemomentum. The measurement is performed by reconstructing the boosted W or Z bosons in single jets. The reconstructed jet mass is used to identify the W and Z bosons, and a jet substructure method based on energy cluster information in the jet centre-of-mass frame is used to suppress the large multi-jet background. The cross-section for events with a hadronically decaying W or Z boson, with transverse momentum {{p}_{{\rm T}}}\gt 320\;{\rm Ge}{\rm V}andpseudorapidity and pseudorapidity |\eta |\lt 1.9,ismeasuredtobe, is measured to be {{\sigma }_{W+Z}}=8.5\pm 1.7$ pb and is compared to next-to-leading-order calculations. The selected events are further used to study jet grooming techniques

    Measurement of χ c1 and χ c2 production with s√ = 7 TeV pp collisions at ATLAS

    Get PDF
    The prompt and non-prompt production cross-sections for the χ c1 and χ c2 charmonium states are measured in pp collisions at s√ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using 4.5 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. The χ c states are reconstructed through the radiative decay χ c → J/ÏˆÎł (with J/ψ → ÎŒ + ÎŒ −) where photons are reconstructed from Îł → e + e − conversions. The production rate of the χ c2 state relative to the χ c1 state is measured for prompt and non-prompt χ c as a function of J/ψ transverse momentum. The prompt χ c cross-sections are combined with existing measurements of prompt J/ψ production to derive the fraction of prompt J/ψ produced in feed-down from χ c decays. The fractions of χ c1 and χ c2 produced in b-hadron decays are also measured

    Measurements of fiducial and differential cross sections for Higgs boson production in the diphoton decay channel at s√=8 TeV with ATLAS

    Get PDF
    Measurements of fiducial and differential cross sections are presented for Higgs boson production in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=8 TeV. The analysis is performed in the H → γγ decay channel using 20.3 fb−1 of data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The signal is extracted using a fit to the diphoton invariant mass spectrum assuming that the width of the resonance is much smaller than the experimental resolution. The signal yields are corrected for the effects of detector inefficiency and resolution. The pp → H → γγ fiducial cross section is measured to be 43.2 ±9.4(stat.) − 2.9 + 3.2 (syst.) ±1.2(lumi)fb for a Higgs boson of mass 125.4GeV decaying to two isolated photons that have transverse momentum greater than 35% and 25% of the diphoton invariant mass and each with absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.37. Four additional fiducial cross sections and two cross-section limits are presented in phase space regions that test the theoretical modelling of different Higgs boson production mechanisms, or are sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model. Differential cross sections are also presented, as a function of variables related to the diphoton kinematics and the jet activity produced in the Higgs boson events. The observed spectra are statistically limited but broadly in line with the theoretical expectations

    Measurement of the production of a W boson in association with a charm quark in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

    Get PDF
    The production of a W boson in association with a single charm quark is studied using 4.6 fb−1 of pp collision data at s√ = 7 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. In events in which a W boson decays to an electron or muon, the charm quark is tagged either by its semileptonic decay to a muon or by the presence of a charmed meson. The integrated and differential cross sections as a function of the pseudorapidity of the lepton from the W-boson decay are measured. Results are compared to the predictions of next-to-leading-order QCD calculations obtained from various parton distribution function parameterisations. The ratio of the strange-to-down sea-quark distributions is determined to be 0.96+0.26−0.30 at Q 2 = 1.9 GeV2, which supports the hypothesis of an SU(3)-symmetric composition of the light-quark sea. Additionally, the cross-section ratio σ(W + +cÂŻÂŻ)/σ(W − + c) is compared to the predictions obtained using parton distribution function parameterisations with different assumptions about the s−sÂŻÂŻÂŻ quark asymmetry
    • 

    corecore