The Roles of Ammoniation, Direct Fed Microbials (DFM), and Cobalt (Co) in the Creation of Complete Cattle Feed Based from Oil Palm Trunk

The continuous increase in population and life style, will result in increased demand for animal protein. Animal protein from beef will be among the animal protein sources of paramount importance due to the large size of beef cattle and the volume of meat it can produce at a time. In Indonesia, comparison between national beef production and consumption reveals a deficit and about 51% of beef are imported from other countries. It is estimated that conditions of this nature will continue to increase every year. One of the problems in the development of ruminants is forage availability since forage serves as the main feed for ruminants. Forage availability in Indonesia is affected by differences in geographical conditions in each region and changes in productive forage land for animal feeds into housing, industry and oil plantations. Indonesia has a high oil palm plantation of about 11,9 million Ha in 2016 and is expected to increase to 14.03 million Ha in 2018. Oil palm plantations need to be rejuvenated (replanting) every 25-30 years. Replanting produces wastes especially in the form of oil palm trunks. The pith of the oil palm trunk can be used as animal feed because it has a high fiber content (44.43%) and can serve as a source of energy for ruminants. However, the oil palm trunk has a limiting factor as the high lignin content (15.41%) causes low digestibility. Therefore, it is important to develop technologies that can reduce the lignin content and increase the digestibility. The purpose of this paper is to review the potentials of oil palm plantation wastes (trucks) as high quality beef cattle feed using ammoniation technology, Direct Fed Microbials (DFM) and addition of the mineral, cobalt (Co) to increase meat production in beef cattle

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

A correlation study on the effects of bank debt on the capital structure of commercial/industrial firms listed in the PSE for the period of 1996-2000

This study aimed to analyze the effects of the presence of long-term bank debt on the optimal capital structure of commercial/industrial firms listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange using the model done by Mr. Shane Johnson-an assistant professor in the University of Cincinnati. Previous capital structure models show that asymmetric information lowers a firm\u27s optimal leverage significantly. Meanwhile, banking literatures affirm that bank screening and monitoring help minimize information asymmetries and other related problems. Combining the views of the two together implies that having bank debt helps a firm to achieve a higher optimal leverage. There were 34 firms taken from three sectors of the commercial/industrial industries listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange. Data analysis employed was differences-in-means, median, and simple regression. Results reveal that firms with long-term bank debt have greater leverage than those that do not. As seen through the mean averages, firms with long term bank debt have a greater profit ratio, and fixed asset turnover. It can be concluded that the presence of long-term bank debt gives firms more leverage which can influence decisions in all areas of operation of the business. There have been many studies about capital structure models where optimal debt level is determined by weighing various leverage-related costs against leverage-related benefits (Johnson, 1998). Currently, these studies were conducted in foreign countries involving foreign firms. It is for this reason that the group feels that local firms should be subjected to the same analysis in order to look for effective means of debt financing. There were several important literatures reviewed by the group to support the group\u27s hypothesis. The journals were focused on leverage, debts, and capital structure. The researchers of this study aim to prove that bank debts and leverage are positively related based from a previously conducted study by the faculty of the University of Cincinnati. By doing so, the group took various data from the given sample population and test its profitability, and leverage among others. The study covered a time span of 5-years (1996-2000) of which would include the years before, during, and after the Asian Economic Crisis

Electronic control of a micro-hydroelectric plant

The goal of the proposed project is to study an alternative means of electrification which is appropriate, particularly in rural areas. Since may provinces have the potential to put up micro-hydroelectric power plants, this is going to helpful in easing the country\u27s power crisis. There are many effective ways of generating power. It is not advisable to use fossil-fueled, nuclear and geothermal power plants because the construction of the source of power is too expensive. Two of the more attractive energy sources because of their economic and environmental advantages are solar and hydroelectric plants. For the technology available, especially in rural areas, hydroelectric plants are more practical as of the present. It is inexpensive since it only uses the energy from moving water to generate electricity. Large hydroelectric plants used here and abroad have some common parts needed to transform mechanical energy from running water to electrical energy. A dam or an artificial lake is formed to raise the water level which is actually the raw material from which electricity is produced. The energy of this running water is converted by the hydraulic turbines into mechanical energy. Then, the mechanical energy from the turbines will be used ti run generators that will produce electric power. Generators may be classified into two type namely: synchronous and asynchronous generators. For the synchronous AC generators, the armature is steady while the field rotates and its speed of rotation is proportional to the frequency. Generators like these are provided with automatic regulators to maintain voltage constant. Whereas in the induction generator, the output voltage is dependent on the variations of the load making it unstable. However, the induction generator is less costly and robust in construction. This proposed project will emphasize on the electronic component that will be used to maximize the power produced by the generator by diverting it to other uses when it is not needed. An additional circuit will be used to control the prime mover that is driving the generator

A survey of the mammalian and avian fauna at Irawan flora, fauna watershed reserve and St. Paul Subterranean National Park, Palawan

A survey was conducted on the Mammalian and Avian Fauna of the Irawan Flora, Fauna and Watershed reserve and St. Paul Subterranean River National Park which are both located in Central Palawan. These tropical rainforests are well diversed ecosystems having a variety of animals including those endemic to the Philippines. Species composition and identification was determined though bird calls, stool droppings, odor scents, urine spots, hunter set-ups and actual sightings. The species location in different strata of the forest strata was also determined during the survey. 24 species were recorded in the Irawan area consisting of 4 mammals and 20 birds while a total of 10 species were sighted in the St. Paul area, 3 of which are mammals and the remaining 7 were birds