Influencer advertising on TikTok: advert formats and illicit product advertising. A study involving Germany, France, Spain and Italy

Advertising by influencers on YouTube and Instagram has become a common practice, which includes the incorporation of advertising into their audio-visual productions as well. This study is being conducted to determine whether TikTok users from Germany, France, Spain, and Italy are using the social network to advertise products and services, and whether they are promoting products that are banned by TikTok. Using content analysis, 320 videos from 16 European tiktokers in Germany, France, Spain and Italy have been studied based on gender and nationality. The tiktokers ranged between 17 and 21 years of age with more than one million followers. The results confirm that tiktokers maintain a balance between the content they post and the advertising they insert. Both genders include a similar percentage of advertising and, based on nationality, French and Spanish tiktokers are the ones who use the most advertising in their work. Product placement is the most popular format for tiktokers of both genders in France, Spain and Germany, whereas branded content is preferred by Italian male tiktokers. None of the tiktokers of the four nationalities have violated the rules imposed by TikTok, as they have refrained from publishing illicit or dangerous products, either because of measures being taken by the social network itself to limit the exposure to these types of products, or as the result of self-regulation by the tiktokers in order to avoid being removed from the social network.La inserción de contenidos publicitarios se ha convertido en una práctica habitual en las redes sociales de los influencers en YouTube e Instagram y comprende la incorporación de formatos publicitarios en sus producciones audiovisuales. Para averiguar si está ocurriendo lo mismo en TikTok, se analiza si los tiktokers de Alemania, Francia, España e Italia están utilizando esta red social para promocionar productos y servicios, y si en ellos incluyen publicidad de productos prohibidos por la red social. Mediante una metodología de análisis de contenido, se estudian 320 vídeos de 16 tiktokers europeos (Alemania, Francia, España e Italia) de entre 17 y 21 años con más de un millón de seguidores, a tenor de su sexo y nacionalidad. Los resultados confirman que los tiktokers mantienen un equilibrio entre los contenidos que publican y la publicidad que insertan. Los dos sexos incorporan similar porcentaje de publicidad, y por nacionalidad son los franceses y españoles los que más formatos publicitarios incorporan. El product placement es la fórmula preferida por titkokers de ambos géneros franceses, españoles y alemanes, y el branded content, por los tiktokers masculinos italianos. Ningún tiktoker de las cuatro nacionalidades infringe las directrices impuestas por TikTok publicando productos ilícitos o peligrosos, ya sea por las medidas tomadas por esta red social para limitar la exposición de este tipo de productos o por la autorregulación de los tiktokers para no ser expulsados de la red social

Municipal mortality due to thyroid cancer in Spain

BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer is a tumor with a low but growing incidence in Spain. This study sought to depict its spatial municipal mortality pattern, using the classic model proposed by Besag, York and Mollié. METHODS: It was possible to compile and ascertain the posterior distribution of relative risk on the basis of a single Bayesian spatial model covering all of Spain's 8077 municipal areas. Maps were plotted depicting standardized mortality ratios, smoothed relative risk (RR) estimates, and the posterior probability that RR > 1. RESULTS: From 1989 to 1998 a total of 2,538 thyroid cancer deaths were registered in 1,041 municipalities. The highest relative risks were mostly situated in the Canary Islands, the province of Lugo, the east of La Coruña (Corunna) and western areas of Asturias and Orense. CONCLUSION: The observed mortality pattern coincides with areas in Spain where goiter has been declared endemic. The higher frequency in these same areas of undifferentiated, more aggressive carcinomas could be reflected in the mortality figures. Other unknown genetic or environmental factors could also play a role in the etiology of this tumor

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children

We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2

Search for new phenomena in final states with two opposite-charge, same-flavor leptons, jets, and missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √s=13 TeV

Search results are presented for physics beyond the standard model in final states with two opposite-charge, same-flavor leptons, jets, and missing transverse momentum. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at s√=13 TeV collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2016. The analysis uses the invariant mass of the lepton pair, searching for a kinematic edge or a resonant-like excess compatible with the Z boson mass. The search for a kinematic edge targets production of particles sensitive to the strong force, while the resonance search targets both strongly and electroweakly produced new physics. The observed yields are consistent with the expectations from the standard model, and the results are interpreted in the context of simplified models of supersymmetry. In a gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking (GMSB) model of gluino pair production with decay chains including Z bosons, gluino masses up to 1500–1770 GeV are excluded at the 95% confidence level depending on the lightest neutralino mass. In a model of electroweak chargino-neutralino production, chargino masses as high as 610 GeV are excluded when the lightest neutralino is massless. In GMSB models of electroweak neutralino-neutralino production, neutralino masses up to 500-650 GeV are excluded depending on the decay mode assumed. Finally, in a model with bottom squark pair production and decay chains resulting in a kinematic edge in the dilepton invariant mass distribution, bottom squark masses up to 980–1200 GeV are excluded depending on the mass of the next-to-lightest neutralino

Search for electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos in multilepton final states in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Results are presented from a search for the direct electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos in signatures with either two or more leptons (electrons or muons) of the same electric charge, or with three or more leptons, which can include up to two hadronically decaying tau leptons. The results are based on a sample of protonproton collision data collected at p s = 13TeV, recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb1. The observed event yields are consistent with the expectations based on the standard model. The results are interpreted in simpli ed models of supersymmetry describing various scenarios for the production and decay of charginos and neutralinos. Depending on the model parameters chosen, mass values between 180GeV and 1150 GeV are excluded at 95% CL. These results signi cantly extend the parameter space probed for these particles in searches at the LHC. In addition, results are presented in a form suitable for alternative theoretical interpretations.Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physic

Influencer advertising on TikTok: advert formats and illicit product advertising. A study involving Germany, France, Spain and Italy

Advertising by influencers on YouTube and Instagram has become a common practice, which includes the incorporation of advertising into their audio-visual productions as well. This study is being conducted to determine whether TikTok users from Germany, France, Spain, and Italy are using the social network to advertise products and services, and whether they are promoting products that are banned by TikTok. Using content analysis, 320 videos from 16 European tiktokers in Germany, France, Spain and Italy have been studied based on gender and nationality. The tiktokers ranged between 17 and 21 years of age with more than one million followers. The results confirm that tiktokers maintain a balance between the content they post and the advertising they insert. Both genders include a similar percentage of advertising and, based on nationality, French and Spanish tiktokers are the ones who use the most advertising in their work. Product placement is the most popular format for tiktokers of both genders in France, Spain and Germany, whereas branded content is preferred by Italian male tiktokers. None of the tiktokers of the four nationalities have violated the rules imposed by TikTok, as they have refrained from publishing illicit or dangerous products, either because of measures being taken by the social network itself to limit the exposure to these types of products, or as the result of self-regulation by the tiktokers in order to avoid being removed from the social network.La inserción de contenidos publicitarios se ha convertido en una práctica habitual en las redes sociales de los influencers en YouTube e Instagram y comprende la incorporación de formatos publicitarios en sus producciones audiovisuales. Para averiguar si está ocurriendo lo mismo en TikTok, se analiza si los tiktokers de Alemania, Francia, España e Italia están utilizando esta red social para promocionar productos y servicios, y si en ellos incluyen publicidad de productos prohibidos por la red social. Mediante una metodología de análisis de contenido, se estudian 320 vídeos de 16 tiktokers europeos (Alemania, Francia, España e Italia) de entre 17 y 21 años con más de un millón de seguidores, a tenor de su sexo y nacionalidad. Los resultados confirman que los tiktokers mantienen un equilibrio entre los contenidos que publican y la publicidad que insertan. Los dos sexos incorporan similar porcentaje de publicidad, y por nacionalidad son los franceses y españoles los que más formatos publicitarios incorporan. El product placement es la fórmula preferida por titkokers de ambos géneros franceses, españoles y alemanes, y el branded content, por los tiktokers masculinos italianos. Ningún tiktoker de las cuatro nacionalidades infringe las directrices impuestas por TikTok publicando productos ilícitos o peligrosos, ya sea por las medidas tomadas por esta red social para limitar la exposición de este tipo de productos o por la autorregulación de los tiktokers para no ser expulsados de la red social

Preliminary results of a screening program for anal cancer and its precursors for HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Vigo-Spain

Background and aims: Men who have sex with men (MSM) infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have the highest risk of developing anal cancer (AC). The objective of this study was to describe our screening implementation program in this population, and report the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) anal infection, and cytological and histological findings in a Spanish medium-size community (Vigo, Spain). Method: Prospective cohort analysis of 240 HIV-infected MSM. Cellular anal sample and high risk HPV (HR-HPV)-tests were performed to study cytological changes and HPV genotyping. High resolution anoscopy (HRA) was performed in 209 patients. Results were analyzed with respect to epidemiological, clinical and analytical factors. Results: Of 209 patients selected for HRA, the prevalence of HR-HPV anal infection, cytological and histological alterations was 85.6%, 47.5%, and 39.8%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for ≥ ASCUS (atypia of squamous cells of undetermined significance) cytology in relation to histological alterations were 61% and 85%, (OR: 8.7; IC 95%: 4.4-17.2), respectively. Observed concordance between high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) cytology and HSIL anal intraepithelial neoplasia types 2 and 3 (AIN-2/3) histology was 64% (OR: 11.4; IC 95%: 3.6-36.7). One patient with HSIL cytology presented a prevalent anal squamous carcinoma. Conclusions: HRA was feasible with similar results to relevant groups. There was a high prevalence of anal HR-HPV infection, and cytological and histological alterations

Recomendaciones para la buena práctica de la medicina en anestesiología

At present, the Anesthesiology is recognized as a medical discipline and the activities of the anesthesiologist are wide, since it interferes in all the processes that happen during the anesthetic - surgical act. The most common reason of damages or serious complications they are associated with faults in the suitable ventilation of the patient. The aim of the present work is to generate specific and general recommendations directed to specialists of Anesthesiology, from the analysis of the complaints received in the CONAMED. There were analyzed all the complaints received for the specialty of anesthesiology from June, 1996 to May, 2001. Sociodemographic variables were included, information about institution of health and motive of complaint among others. There was included information of the Medical Integral Valuation, to obtain the type of used anesthesia. For the analysis descriptive statistics was used, for this intention it was used SPSS 10.1. Results: there was analyzed a whole of 97 complaints, 74.2 % of the complaints corresponded to the female sex, average of age 34.3 years, the major proportion of the complaints were to institutions of Social Security (67.0%). The proportion of malpractice for type of institution was of 75 % in the private roads, 57.4 % in Social Security and 52.6% in the Public Services. Problems identified with major frequency in the complaints with malpractice were in order: dural puncture, encephalopathy ischemic and cerebral irreversible damage and injury of nervous roots. Five deaths related with anesthesia were identified. The results obtained in the present work as for the problems in the practice of anesthesiology are very similar to the reported ones in the literature and a proportion of cases they can be prevenibles across a better training and supervision of the procedures that are realized.En la actualidad, la Anestesiología se reconoce como una disciplina médica y las actividades del anestesiólogo son amplias, ya que se involucra en todos los procesos que ocurren durante el acto anestésico-quirúrgico. La causa más común de daños o complicaciones serias están asociadas con fallas en la ventilación adecuada del paciente. El objetivo del presente trabajo es emitir recomendaciones generales y específicas, dirigidas a los especialistas de Anestesiología, a partir del análisis de las quejas recibidas en la CONAMED. Se analizaron todas las quejas recibidas en la CONAMED para la especialidad de anestesiología de junio de 1996 a mayo de 2001. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, de la institución de salud y motivo de queja entre otras. Se incluyó información de la Valoración Médica Integral, para obtener el tipo de anestesia utilizada. Para el análisis se empleó estadística descriptiva, para este propósito se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS 10.1. Resultados: se analizaron un total de 97 quejas, 74.2% de las quejas correspondieron al sexo femenino, promedio de edad pacientes 34.3 años, la mayor proporción de las quejas correspondió a instituciones de Seguridad Social (67.0%). La proporción de mala práctica por tipo de institución fue de 75% en las privadas, 57.4% en seguridad social y 52.6% en servicios públicos. Los problemas identificados con mayor frecuencia en las quejas con mala práctica fueron: perforación de duramadre, seguida por la encefalopatía anoxoisquémica, el tercer lugar para daño cerebral irreversible y lesión de raíces nerviosas. Se identificaron 5 defunciones relacionadas con la anestesia. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo en cuanto a los problemas en la práctica de la anestesiología son muy semejantes a los reportados en la literatura y una proporción de casos pueden ser prevenibles a través de una mejor capacitación y supervisión de los procedimientos anestésicos que se realizan