Scripting language design and the implementation test for PSO-GA hybridizations

This paper introduces a new design of a set of scripting language constructs and the implementation test for the algorithms development. The design of the scripting language is presented in form of syntactic specification and Deterministic Finite Automaton  (DFA). Based on the several algorithms of PSO-GA hybrids that have been developed with the scripting language constructs, the Characters of Code (COC) are measured in order to test the easiness of the  programming language. The results show that across all algorithms, the scripting language is anticipated to enable easy programming which has been presented by the very less number of COC compared to the JAVA programming language. Furthermore, based on observation from repeated experiments, the optimization results of all the algorithms developed with the scripting language are shown to be very accurate within the scale of results generated by JAVA codes.Keywords: rapid algorithm; development; hybridization dynamic; parameterizations; scripting languag

Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Peer reviewe

Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17 : analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1–65·8), 17·4% (7·7–28·4), and 59·5% (34·2–86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4 (62.3 (55.1�70.8) million) to 6.4 (58.3 (47.6�70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization�s Global Nutrition Target of <5 in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2 (30 (22.8�38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0 (55.5 (44.8�67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic. © 2020, The Author(s)

Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)

Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)

Fuzzy based evaluation for agent oriented modeling tools

The importance of agent oriented system is expected to be more significant with theemergence of Industry 4.0. As the agent oriented system becomes more complex, the task of system architecture design would be more complicated and the modeling tools play an important role at that stage. To date, a great number of agent modeling tools have been introduced but to choose the best tool for different features and functions  is also difficult. This paper summarizes some important criteria of an agent oriented modeling tooland introduces fuzzy based evaluation to rank the three popular tools of agent oriented modeling. based evaluation technique is able to objectivelyrank the available modeling tool specified criteria.Keywords: agent oriented system; modeling; fuzzy ranking; evaluation.

Food security and sustainability: exploring Japanese youth participation in agriculture

There are many challenges in assuring the sustainability of food supply in the context of expanding Japanese population. Insufficient participation of Japanese youth in the agricultural industry is among the issues in food sustainability which has prompted the Japanese government to ensure more youth engagement in the sector for its continuity. The youth are considered as vanguards who would bring changes in the Japanese agriculture industry as the number of ageing farmers in the country is increasing. In Japan, agriculture is one of the most important industries as it contributes about 1.1% to overall national GDP. Thus, a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was conducted with 7 Japanese youth who are involved in the agriculture industry in the country to identify their socio-economic characteristics, to determine the factors influencing their participation and the constraints, and to assess the perceptions, perspectives, and understandings of youth towards food security, safety and sustainability in agriculture development. The in-depth face-to-face interviews were used to collect data from 7 young Japanese farmers using both purposive and snowball sampling based on the availability of youth farmers in Japan. The data were analysed and categorized into 5 broad themes. The analysis revealed that family support, tradition, passion, economic factor, and working environment are the factors that influence their participation in the industry. It can be suggested that participation of youth in Japan agriculture industry can be nurtured and sustained with several promotional approaches to youth on what the industry can offer them and their country in the future. Moreover, the motivational drive from their families would undoubtedly encourage them to join the industry. These findings are expected to have significant information and knowledge to extend the literature on Japanese youth participation in agriculture and help formulate the action plan needed for the youth development strategies for Japan agriculture in the future

Dynamical behavior of fractional nonlinear dispersive equation in Murnaghan’s rod materials

The primary objective of this study aims to carry out a more thorough investigation into a fractional nonlinear double dispersive equation that is used to represent wave propagation in an elastic, inhomogeneous Murnaghan’s rod. By Murnaghan’s rod, we mean the materials, which include the constitutive constant, Poisson ratio, and Lame’́s coefficient, are considered to be compressible in nature forming up the elastic rod. To solve the fractional version of Murnaghan’s rod problem, we employed β-fractional and M-Truncated fractional derivative. Regarding the extraction of polynomial and rational function solutions of the Murnaghan’s rod problem, which degenerate into several wave solutions including solitary, soliton (dromions), as well as periodic wave solutions. We employ the well-known unified and new auxiliary equation methods of nonlinear sciences. A finite series of certain functions satisfying an ordinary differential equation of first order, second degree is used to represent the projected solution. Based on the given approach, numerous types of solutions for exponential, hyperbolic, and trigonometric functions are generated. In this research study, the behavior of a dynamical planer system has been examined by giving various values to parameters and by depicting every possible situation as a phase portrait. The sensitivity analysis, where the soliton wave velocity and wave number parameters influence the water wave singularity, is demonstrated using the wave profiles of the constructed dynamical structural system. With the use of graphs, we have simulated the solitons to determine their kinds. All of solutions found in this manuscript is been confirmed through back substituting them into the original model using computational software