PROPAGACIÓN in vitro DE QUISHUAR (Buddleja incana Ruíz & Pav)

Quishuar es una especie forestal apreciada por sus usos. La explotación intensiva y la oferta insatisfecha de plantas han sido limitantes para cumplir con programas de reforestación. La micropropagación es una técnica que ayudaría a erradicar este problema ya que el propósito es producir mayor cantidad de plantas en menor tiempo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar protocolos para la desinfección, establecimiento y multiplicación in vitro, para el efecto se realizaron ensayos partiendo de semillas y brotes de plantas. La primera fase se realizó con semillas, utilizando kilol y benomil, junto con NaOCl al 3 % (10 min). Los resultados indican que el porcentaje de germinación fue de 100 % en MS (Murashige y Skoog medium) y el porcentaje de contaminación y oxidación de 0 %. Por otro lado, los brotes sometidos a fungicidas con adición de antioxidantes y NaOCl al 1 % (10 min) no presentaron contaminación ni oxidación. El porcentaje de brotación fue de 100 % en WPM (Woody Plant Medium). En la segunda fase en medio MS sin adición de hormonas se observó una mayor longitud de brote (1.95 cm), número de nudos (1.94 nudos) e índice de multiplicación (2.47). Basándose en los resultados, se sugiere que los protocolos son efectivos para la propagación in vitro.// Quishuar is a forest species which is well known for its uses. Intensive farming and unsatisfied plant supply have been limited to meet reforestation programs. Micropropagation is a technique that would help eradicate this problem as the purpose is to produce more plants in less time. The objective of this research was to develop protocols for disinfection, establishment, and multiplication in vitro; for this reason, tests from seeds and plants sprouts were carried out; the first phase with seeds, using kilol and benomil, together with NaOCl at 3 % (10 min). The results indicate that the germination percentage was 100 % in MS (Murashige y Skoog medium) and the contamination, oxidation percentage was 0 %. On the other hand, plants sprouts exposed to fungicides, antioxidants and NaOCl at 1 % (10 min), did not have contamination or oxidation. The sprouting percentage was 100 % in WPM (Woody Plant Medium). In the second phase in MS medium without the addition of hormones, plant sprouts (1.95 cm), knots number (1.94 knots) and multiplication rate (2.67) were observed. Based on the results, it is suggested that protocols are effective for in vitro propagation

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Propagação In Vitro De Quishuar (Buddleja Incana Ruíz&Pav).

Quishuar es una especie forestal apreciada por sus usos. La explotación intensiva y la oferta insatisfecha de plantas han sido limitantes para cumplir con programas de reforestación. La micropropagación es una técnica que ayudaría a erradicar este problema ya que el propósito es producir mayor cantidad de plantas en menor tiempo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar protocolos para la desinfección, establecimiento y multiplicación in vitro, para el efecto se realizaron ensayos partiendo de semillas y brotes de plantas. En la primera fase con semillas, utilizando kilol y benomil, junto con NaOCl al 3 % (10 min), los resultados indican que el porcentaje de germinación fue del 100 % en MS (Murashige y Skoog) y porcentaje de contaminación y oxidación 0 %. Por otro lado, los brotes sometidos a fungicidas con adición de antioxidantes y NaOCl al 1 % (10 min) no presentaron contaminación ni oxidación. El porcentaje de brotación fue del 100 % en WPM (Woody Plant Medium). &nbsp;En la segunda fase en medio MS sin adición de hormonas se observó una mayor longitud de brote (1.95 cm), número de nudos (1.94 nudos) e índice de multiplicación (2.47). Basándose en los resultados, se sugiere que los protocolos son efectivos para la propagación in vitro.Quishuar is a forest species valued for its uses. Intensive exploitation and unsatisfied offer have been limiting factors for reforestation programs. Micropropagation is a technique to eradicate this problem since its goal is to produce many plants in less time. The aim of this study was develop in vitro disinfection; establishment, and multiplication protocols, for this purpose seeds and buds of nursery plants were cultured. In the first phase with seeds, exposed to kilol and benomil, along with NaOCl 3 % (10 min), resulted germination percentage was 100 % in MS (Murashige y Skoog) and contamination and oxidation percentage to 0 %. On the other hand, shoots with fungicides, antioxidants and NaOCl 1 % (10 min), didn´t showed contamination and oxidation. Sprouting percentage was 100 % in WPM (Woody Plant Medium). In the second phase, the greater bud length (1.95 cm), knots number (1.94 knots) and multiplication rate (2.67) were reported in MS without hormones. Based on the results, protocols were effective for in vitro propagation.Quishuar é uma espécie florestal apreciada por seus usos. A exploração intensiva e escassa oferta de plantas tem sido limitantes para o cumprimento dos programas de reflorestamento. A micropropagação é uma técnica que ajudaria a erradicar esse problema, aja visto que o objetivo é produzir mais plantas em menor tempo. O objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver protocolos para desinfecção, estabelecimento e multiplicação in vitro, para esse fim, foram realizados testes a partir de sementes e brotos de plantas. A primeira fase foi realizada com sementes, utilizando kilol e benomil, juntamente com NaOCl a 3% (10 min). Os resultados indicaram que a porcentagem de germinação foi de 100% na MS (meio Murashige e Skoog) e a porcentagem de contaminação e oxidação de 0%. Por outro lado, os brotos submetidos a ação de fungicidas com adição de antioxidantes e NaOCl a 1% (10 min) não mostraram contaminação ou oxidação. A porcentagem de germinação foi de 100% em WPM (Woody Plant Medium). Na segunda fase em meio MS sem adição de hormônios, observou-se maior comprimento de brotos (1,95 cm), número de nós (1,94 nó) e taxa de multiplicação (2,47). Com base dos resultados, sugere-se que os protocolos são eficazes para propagação in vitro

Propagación in vitro de Quishuar (buddleja incana ruíz&pav).

Quishuar is a forest species valued for its uses. Intensive exploitation and unsatisfied offer have been limiting factors for reforestation programs. Micropropagation is a technique to eradicate this problem since its goal is to produce many plants in less time. The aim of this study was develop in vitro disinfection; establishment, and multiplication protocols, for this purpose seeds and buds of nursery plants were cultured. In the first phase with seeds, exposed to kilol and benomil, along with NaOCl 3 % (10 min), resulted germination percentage was 100 % in MS (Murashige y Skoog) and contamination and oxidation percentage to 0 %. On the other hand, shoots with fungicides, antioxidants and NaOCl 1 % (10 min), didn´t showed contamination and oxidation. Sprouting percentage was 100 % in WPM (Woody Plant Medium). In the second phase, the greater bud length (1.95 cm), knots number (1.94 knots) and multiplication rate (2.67) were reported in MS without hormones. Based on the results, protocols were effective for in vitro propagation.Quishuar é uma espécie florestal apreciada por seus usos. A exploração intensiva e escassa oferta de plantas tem sido limitantes para o cumprimento dos programas de reflorestamento. A micropropagação é uma técnica que ajudaria a erradicar esse problema, aja visto que o objetivo é produzir mais plantas em menor tempo. O objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver protocolos para desinfecção, estabelecimento e multiplicação in vitro, para esse fim, foram realizados testes a partir de sementes e brotos de plantas. A primeira fase foi realizada com sementes, utilizando kilol e benomil, juntamente com NaOCl a 3% (10 min). Os resultados indicaram que a porcentagem de germinação foi de 100% na MS (meio Murashige e Skoog) e a porcentagem de contaminação e oxidação de 0%. Por outro lado, os brotos submetidos a ação de fungicidas com adição de antioxidantes e NaOCl a 1% (10 min) não mostraram contaminação ou oxidação. A porcentagem de germinação foi de 100% em WPM (Woody Plant Medium). Na segunda fase em meio MS sem adição de hormônios, observou-se maior comprimento de brotos (1,95 cm), número de nós (1,94 nó) e taxa de multiplicação (2,47). Com base dos resultados, sugere-se que os protocolos são eficazes para propagação in vitro.Quishuar es una especie forestal apreciada por sus usos. La explotación intensiva y la oferta insatisfecha de plantas han sido limitantes para cumplir con programas de reforestación. La micropropagación es una técnica que ayudaría a erradicar este problema ya que el propósito es producir mayor cantidad de plantas en menor tiempo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar protocolos para la desinfección, establecimiento y multiplicación in vitro, para el efecto se realizaron ensayos partiendo de semillas y brotes de plantas. En la primera fase con semillas, utilizando kilol y benomil, junto con NaOCl al 3 % (10 min), los resultados indican que el porcentaje de germinación fue del 100 % en MS (Murashige y Skoog) y porcentaje de contaminación y oxidación 0 %. Por otro lado, los brotes sometidos a fungicidas con adición de antioxidantes y NaOCl al 1 % (10 min) no presentaron contaminación ni oxidación. El porcentaje de brotación fue del 100 % en WPM (Woody Plant Medium).  En la segunda fase en medio MS sin adición de hormonas se observó una mayor longitud de brote (1.95 cm), número de nudos (1.94 nudos) e índice de multiplicación (2.47). Basándose en los resultados, se sugiere que los protocolos son efectivos para la propagación in vitro

Reduction of cardiac imaging tests during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Italy. Findings from the IAEA Non-invasive Cardiology Protocol Survey on COVID-19 (INCAPS COVID)

Background: In early 2020, COVID-19 massively hit Italy, earlier and harder than any other European country. This caused a series of strict containment measures, aimed at blocking the spread of the pandemic. Healthcare delivery was also affected when resources were diverted towards care of COVID-19 patients, including intensive care wards. Aim of the study: The aim is assessing the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac imaging in Italy, compare to the Rest of Europe (RoE) and the World (RoW). Methods: A global survey was conducted in May–June 2020 worldwide, through a questionnaire distributed online. The survey covered three periods: March and April 2020, and March 2019. Data from 52 Italian centres, a subset of the 909 participating centres from 108 countries, were analyzed. Results: In Italy, volumes decreased by 67% in March 2020, compared to March 2019, as opposed to a significantly lower decrease (p &lt; 0.001) in RoE and RoW (41% and 40%, respectively). A further decrease from March 2020 to April 2020 summed up to 76% for the North, 77% for the Centre and 86% for the South. When compared to the RoE and RoW, this further decrease from March 2020 to April 2020 in Italy was significantly less (p = 0.005), most likely reflecting the earlier effects of the containment measures in Italy, taken earlier than anywhere else in the West. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic massively hit Italy and caused a disruption of healthcare services, including cardiac imaging studies. This raises concern about the medium- and long-term consequences for the high number of patients who were denied timely diagnoses and the subsequent lifesaving therapies and procedures

Impact of COVID-19 on Diagnostic Cardiac Procedural Volume in Oceania: The IAEA Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocol Survey on COVID-19 (INCAPS COVID)

Objectives: The INCAPS COVID Oceania study aimed to assess the impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac procedure volume provided in the Oceania region. Methods: A retrospective survey was performed comparing procedure volumes within March 2019 (pre-COVID-19) with April 2020 (during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic). Sixty-three (63) health care facilities within Oceania that perform cardiac diagnostic procedures were surveyed, including a mixture of metropolitan and regional, hospital and outpatient, public and private sites, and 846 facilities outside of Oceania. The percentage change in procedure volume was measured between March 2019 and April 2020, compared by test type and by facility. Results: In Oceania, the total cardiac diagnostic procedure volume was reduced by 52.2% from March 2019 to April 2020, compared to a reduction of 75.9% seen in the rest of the world (p&lt;0.001). Within Oceania sites, this reduction varied significantly between procedure types, but not between types of health care facility. All procedure types (other than stress cardiac magnetic resonance [CMR] and positron emission tomography [PET]) saw significant reductions in volume over this time period (p&lt;0.001). In Oceania, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) decreased by 51.6%, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) by 74.0%, and stress tests by 65% overall, which was more pronounced for stress electrocardiograph (ECG) (81.8%) and stress echocardiography (76.7%) compared to stress single-photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) (44.3%). Invasive coronary angiography decreased by 36.7% in Oceania. Conclusion: A significant reduction in cardiac diagnostic procedure volume was seen across all facility types in Oceania and was likely a function of recommendations from cardiac societies and directives from government to minimise spread of COVID-19 amongst patients and staff. Longer term evaluation is important to assess for negative patient outcomes which may relate to deferral of usual models of care within cardiology

International Impact of COVID-19 on the Diagnosis of Heart Disease

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has adversely affected diagnosis and treatment of noncommunicable diseases. Its effects on delivery of diagnostic care for cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of death worldwide, have not been quantified. Objectives: The study sought to assess COVID-19's impact on global cardiovascular diagnostic procedural volumes and safety practices. Methods: The International Atomic Energy Agency conducted a worldwide survey assessing alterations in cardiovascular procedure volumes and safety practices resulting from COVID-19. Noninvasive and invasive cardiac testing volumes were obtained from participating sites for March and April 2020 and compared with those from March 2019. Availability of personal protective equipment and pandemic-related testing practice changes were ascertained. Results: Surveys were submitted from 909 inpatient and outpatient centers performing cardiac diagnostic procedures, in 108 countries. Procedure volumes decreased 42% from March 2019 to March 2020, and 64% from March 2019 to April 2020. Transthoracic echocardiography decreased by 59%, transesophageal echocardiography 76%, and stress tests 78%, which varied between stress modalities. Coronary angiography (invasive or computed tomography) decreased 55% (p &lt; 0.001 for each procedure). In multivariable regression, significantly greater reduction in procedures occurred for centers in countries with lower gross domestic product. Location in a low-income and lower–middle-income country was associated with an additional 22% reduction in cardiac procedures and less availability of personal protective equipment and telehealth. Conclusions: COVID-19 was associated with a significant and abrupt reduction in cardiovascular diagnostic testing across the globe, especially affecting the world's economically challenged. Further study of cardiovascular outcomes and COVID-19–related changes in care delivery is warranted

Safety of hospital discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery

© 2020 BJS Society Ltd Published by John Wiley & Sons LtdBackground: Ileus is common after colorectal surgery and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Identifying features of normal bowel recovery and the appropriateness for hospital discharge is challenging. This study explored the safety of hospital discharge before the return of bowel function. Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study was undertaken across an international collaborative network. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The main outcome of interest was readmission to hospital within 30 days of surgery. The impact of discharge timing according to the return of bowel function was explored using multivariable regression analysis. Other outcomes were postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, measured using the Clavien–Dindo classification system. Results: A total of 3288 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 301 (9·2 per cent) were discharged before the return of bowel function. The median duration of hospital stay for patients discharged before and after return of bowel function was 5 (i.q.r. 4–7) and 7 (6–8) days respectively (P < 0·001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission between these groups (6·6 versus 8·0 per cent; P = 0·499), and this remained the case after multivariable adjustment for baseline differences (odds ratio 0·90, 95 per cent c.i. 0·55 to 1·46; P = 0·659). Rates of postoperative complications were also similar in those discharged before versus after return of bowel function (minor: 34·7 versus 39·5 per cent; major 3·3 versus 3·4 per cent; P = 0·110). Conclusion: Discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery appears to be safe in appropriately selected patients

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Safety of hospital discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery

Background: Ileus is common after colorectal surgery and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Identifying features of normal bowel recovery and the appropriateness for hospital discharge is challenging. This study explored the safety of hospital discharge before the return of bowel function.Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study was undertaken across an international collaborative network. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The main outcome of interest was readmission to hospital within 30 days of surgery. The impact of discharge timing according to the return of bowel function was explored using multivariable regression analysis. Other outcomes were postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, measured using the Clavien-Dindo classification system.Results: A total of 3288 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 301 (9.2 per cent) were discharged before the return of bowel function. The median duration of hospital stay for patients discharged before and after return of bowel function was 5 (i.q.r. 4-7) and 7 (6-8) days respectively (P &lt; 0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission between these groups (6.6 versus 8.0 per cent; P = 0.499), and this remained the case after multivariable adjustment for baseline differences (odds ratio 0.90, 95 per cent c.i. 0.55 to 1.46; P = 0.659). Rates of postoperative complications were also similar in those discharged before versus after return of bowel function (minor: 34.7 versus 39.5 per cent; major 3.3 versus 3.4 per cent; P = 0.110).Conclusion: Discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery appears to be safe in appropriately selected patients