Desarrollo educativo al servicio del desarrollo social

La publicación recoge las aportaciones y los trabajos realizados con motivo del "Proyecto de apoyo y fortalecimiento educacional en gestión directiva y competencias profesionales docentes", promovido por varias instituciones, coordinado por el Equipo de Desarrollo Organizacional (EDO) de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; y subvencionado por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). La finalidad del proyecto, en el que se enmarcan las aportaciones de la publicación, es construir una red de cooperación y apoyo con y entre los centros educativos dependientes de la municipalidad de Coyhaique (Chile), para impulsar la mejora educativa y con ella el desarrollo social y cultural del territorio. La temática enlaza con la labor promotora del desarrollo y el liderazgo que las universidades han de realizar en su contexto referencial; además, de potenciar el rol y el compromiso del profesorado en esos procesos. Durante los dos años y medio transcurridos en la materialización del proyecto, la labor realizada en 12 escuelas dependientes del Departamento de Educación de la municipalidad de Coyhaique ha sido intensa por la cantidad de acciones y actividades desarrolladas, fructífera en relación al proceso de desarrollo de colaboración interuniversitaria de la Universidad de Talca y la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona y muy satisfactoria en relación a los procesos iniciados y a los indicadores de éxito ya alcanzados. La aportación recoge reflexiones sobre la temática y realizaciones de los doce centros. La proyección última es la de mejorar la capacidad de los centros para promover los cambios que posibiliten aumentar su calidad educativa e, indirectamente, mejorar el desarrollo social a partir de una mejor cualificación de sus recursos humanos y de una mayor implicación social de los promotores del mismo

5to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

El V Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2019, realizado del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, ofreció a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional una plataforma de comunicación unificada, dirigida a cubrir los problemas teóricos y prácticos de mayor impacto en la sociedad moderna desde la ingeniería. En esta edición, dedicada a los 25 años de vida de la UPS, los ejes temáticos estuvieron relacionados con la aplicación de la ciencia, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en cinco pilares fundamentales de nuestra sociedad: la industria, la movilidad, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la información y las telecomunicaciones. El comité científico estuvo conformado formado por 48 investigadores procedentes de diez países: España, Reino Unido, Italia, Bélgica, México, Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Estados Unidos y Ecuador. Fueron recibidas un centenar de contribuciones, de las cuales 39 fueron aprobadas en forma de ponencias y 15 en formato poster. Estas contribuciones fueron presentadas de forma oral ante toda la comunidad académica que se dio cita en el Congreso, quienes desde el aula magna, el auditorio y la sala de usos múltiples de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cumplieron respetuosamente la responsabilidad de representar a toda la sociedad en la revisión, aceptación y validación del conocimiento nuevo que fue presentado en cada exposición por los investigadores. Paralelo a las sesiones técnicas, el Congreso contó con espacios de presentación de posters científicos y cinco workshops en temáticas de vanguardia que cautivaron la atención de nuestros docentes y estudiantes. También en el marco del evento se impartieron un total de ocho conferencias magistrales en temas tan actuales como la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad-ecosistema, los retos y oportunidades de la industria 4.0, los avances de la investigación básica y aplicada en mecatrónica para el estudio de robots de nueva generación, la optimización en ingeniería con técnicas multi-objetivo, el desarrollo de las redes avanzadas en Latinoamérica y los mundos, la contaminación del aire debido al tránsito vehicular, el radón y los riesgos que representa este gas radiactivo para la salud humana, entre otros

El reto de la inclusión de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en la formación inicial de profesores de secundaria: creación del MOOC curso cero sobre educación y ODS, inclusión en asignaturas y en trabajos fin de máster

Memoria ID-041. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2021-2022

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Cualificación en los Objetivos establecidos en la Agenda 2030 de estudiantes y profesores en el Máster Universitario en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanza de Idiomas (MUPES)

Memoria ID2022-157 Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2022-2023

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Effect of milk yield, number of calving and calving season on the resumption of postpartum ovarian activity in Hoistein cows

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la producción de leche acumulada hasta el día 50 posparto (PL50), el número (NP) y época (EP) de parto sobre los intervalos para la aparición del primer folículo dominante (FD), la aparición del primer cuerpo lúteo (CL), el tiempo para completar la involución uterina (¡U), y la probabilidad de ovulación del primer FD. En vacas Hoistein con diferente NP que parieron en invierno o primavera en Tlahualilo, Durango, México. Ni la EP ni el NP afectaron los días a la aparición del primer FD (α =0,05). Sin embargo, el primer FD en vacas con alta PL50 se presentó dos días más tarde que en las de baja PL50 (13,6 vs 11,9 días; P<0,05). El NP, la EP y la PL50 no afectaron (α =0,05) la probabilidad de ovulación del primer FD. Sin embargo, las vacas con mejor condición corporal al parto fueron más aptas (OR = 9,0; P<0,05) que las de condición corporal pobre para desencadenar la ovulación del primer FD. La PL50 no afectó la aparición del primer CL después del parto (α=0,05); sin embargo, las vacas de cuatro o más partos presentaron un primer CL más tarde (P<0,05) que las de menor NP. Las vacas que parieran en invierno presentaron un primer CL más tarde que las que parieron en primavera (20 vs 16 días; P<0,01). Sin embargo, las vacas paridas en primavera requirieron más días que las paridas en invierno para completar la IU (36 vs 32 días; P<0,05). Se concluye que el crecimiento folicular ovárico no es el principal factor limitarte para el reinicio de la actividad ovárica posparto en vacas Holsteir manejadas en las condiciones del presente experimento.548 - 558BimestralThe objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of accumulated milk yield from calving to day 50 of lactation (MY50), number (NC) and season (SG) of calving on the intervals from calving to the appearance of the first dominant follicle (DF), the appearance of the first corpus luteum (CL), the time to completion of uterine involution (UI), and the probability of ovulation of the first DF in Holstein cows calving in spring or winter in a commercial dairy farm in Tlahualilo, Durango, México. Neither SO nor NO affected the appearance of the first DF (α =0.05). However, cows with higher MY50 presented the first DF two days latter than cocas with low MY50 (13.6 vs 11.9 days; P<0.05). The effects of NO, SO, and MY50 did not affect the probability of ovulation of the first DF (α =0.05). However, cows with higher body condition score at calving (BCS X3.6 units) were more likely (OR = 9.0; P<0.05) to achieve ovulation in the first DF than cows with lower BCS. The appearance of the first CL after calving was not affected by MY50; however, cows with four or more calvings showed their first CL later (P<0.05) than younger cows. Likewise, cows calving in winter showed their first CL later than those calving in spring (20 vs 16 days; P<0.01). However, cows calving in spring required longer time intervals to complete their UI (36 vs 32 days; P<0.05). It is concluded that follicular growth is not the main limiting factor to the resumption of postpartum ovarian activity in Holstein cows managed under the conditions of the present experiment

Large and reversible elastocaloric effect near room temperature in a Ga-doped Ni–Mn–In metamagnetic shape-memory alloy

"We report a giant elastocaloric effect near room temperature in a polycrystalline Ga-doped Ni-Mn-In ferromagnetic shape-memory alloy. The elastocaloric effect has been quantified by measuring both isothermal stress-induced entropy changes and adiabatic stress-induced temperature changes. A reproducible maximum entropy change,Delta S-rev similar or equal to 25 J . K-1 . kg(-1), upon cycling across the martensitic transition was obtained by application of a compressive stress of 100MPa. The corresponding maximum amount of cooling, Delta T-adi similar or equal to -4.9K, was measured when this stress was rapidly removed. These values are comparable with those reported for giant magnetocaloric materials, which are induced by application and release of a high magnetic field. Therefore, the studied material is a good candidate to be used in solid-state refrigeration devices based on the elastocaloric effect.