Enabling Development; design of a the Single Seat Wintec Electric Vehicle.(SSWEV)

The research project is related to the single seat three-wheel electric vehicle. Due to the high consumption of the oil in New Zealand (NZ) which have a direct impact on the economy, the authorities are now looking for an alternative source to power the vehicles and revolutionize the transport industry. There is another motive behind the development of electric vehicle (EV) which is linked with the environmental conditions of the country. The Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles increase the air pollution in the country and due to which the global warming has become a serious issue. To reduce the global warming effect and air pollution the electric vehicles have become a strong candidate or choice for the transportation. This project covers the electric vehicle in three parts: the Road Legal Status of EV in New Zealand, the Battery Electric System(BES), and Vehicle Design. There are some limitations which are associated with electric vehicles such as legislation does not encourage the people to purchase an electric vehicle, and the manufacturers are still interested in ICE vehicles. The research project proposes the desired policy for the EV in New Zealand. The possible design of the EV is proposed which is modeled in SolidWorks. Furthermore, the entire battery electric system and its management is included in the report which describes the proposed Battery electric system for single-seat electric vehicle. The primary goal in developing the battery electric system of the EV was to ensure that it has long driving range. The current EV are struggling to achieve the long driving range. The design selected for the EV is Reverse-trike. The unique features include the shifting of the centre of mass of the more extensive position. This design provides more stability and traction to the vehicle as the weight shift is towards the front wheels of the car

Men’s health in industries: Plastic plant pollution and prevalence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Plastic production is prominently increasing and its pollution is an emerging environmental global health concern. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among nonsmoking plastic industry workers. Three hundred and forty volunteers male plastic industry workers were interviewed after medical history and examination; finally, 278 nonsmoking plastic industry workers were selected. The mean age for the participants was 38.03 ± 10.86 years and body mass index was 25.52 ± 3.15 (kg/m)2. The plastic industry workers had been exposed to plastic plant pollution for 8 hr daily, 6 days in a week. Subjects with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) less than 5.7% were considered non-diabetics; HbA1c 5.7%-6.4% were pre-diabetics; and subjects with HbA1c greater than 6.4% were considered diabetics. In plastic industry workers, the prevalence of pre-diabetes was 176 (63.30%) and T2DM was 66 (23.74%); however, 36 (12.95%) plastic plant workers were normal. The prevalence of pre-diabetes and T2DM among plastic industry workers was significantly increased with duration of working exposure in plastic industry ( p = .0001). Exposure to plastic plant pollution is associated with the prevalence of pre-diabetes and T2DM among plastic industry workers. The prevalence was associated with the duration of working exposure in plastic industry. The occupational and environmental health executives must take priority steps to minimize the plastic plant pollution from plastic industries to reduce the occurrence of pre-diabetes and T2DM among the plastic industrial workers and save the men\u27s health in industries

Knowledge and Awareness of Diabetes Mellitus Disease among High School Students in King Abdulaziz Military City, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND: Saudi Arabia is considered to be one of the highest countries in the Middle East for the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Data are lacking regarding knowledge and awareness about DM among school students in Saudi Arabia. AIM: The study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and awareness of DM among high school students within the military city, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted among 278 high school students applying a convenience sampling technique. The sample size was calculated using OpenEpi, Version 3. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to the high school students (male and female) after official communication with the school’s dean. The level of knowledge and awareness was categorized into “adequate” and “inadequate” as per each topic/question, and also as per each response/answer. Data entry and analysis were carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Pearson’s Chi-square tests were performed to explore if there is any significant association between the knowledge and awareness level of the high school students and their (i) gender, (ii) age, and (iii) level of education. RESULTS: More than half of the high school students had adequate level of knowledge and awareness about DM in terms of symptoms (67.3%), complications (56.5%), monitoring method (62.6%), lifestyle modifications (63.7%), frequency of routine eye check-up (63.3%), important factors for blood sugar control (79.1%), treatment (56.5%), and management of hypoglycemia symptoms (57.6%). On the contrary, a large number of the students showed inadequate level of knowledge and awareness about the disease in terms of definition (80.6%), major causes (57.9%), effect of high blood pressure (51.8%), frequency of routine blood pressure check-up (55%), rationale of a regular urine test (58.3%), medication for DM (66.9%), and duration of medication (69.8%). However, no significant associations were found between the knowledge and awareness level of the high school students about the definition or major causes of DM and the (i) gender, (ii) age group, and (iii) level of education of the students. CONCLUSION: The level of knowledge and awareness of a considerable number of high school students regarding DM was inadequate, and some of them possessed various misconceptions about this particular chronic disease. Health authorities and school authorities in the region should offer special efforts to improve the level of knowledge and awareness of the students through regular health education campaigns

Overview On Surgical Management Of Overactive Bladder

Overactive bladder syndrome is a persistent and incapacitating disorder that has profound medical, psychological, and social implications, greatly impacting the wellbeing of countless individuals globally. A significant number of individuals experience urine urgency, which can be extremely bothersome. The primary indicator of overactive bladder (OAB) is a sense of urgency, often accompanied by increased urine frequency and nocturia. After ruling out other medical conditions with similar symptoms, the initial approach to managing OAB is providing guidance on fluid consumption and bladder training. If needed, antimuscarinic medicines may be added as a supplement. If patients have significant distress from OAB symptoms even after maximizing medicinal treatment, they may choose to undergo invasive procedures. There is currently a limited understanding of the hierarchical structure of central nervous system control. However, the use of functional imaging is starting to reveal the difficulties that need to be addressed in this area. Current research is exploring the use of botulinum neurotoxin-A injection, oral β3-adrenergic agonists, and innovative methods for nerve stimulation as potential therapies. The inherent subjectivity of urine urgency, the absence of animal models, and the complex pathophysiology of overactive bladder (OAB) pose substantial obstacles to achieving effective clinical therapy

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Therapeutic Potential of Capsaicin against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Liver Damage

Cyclophosphamide (CPM) is a classical alkylating agent used in different cancer chemotherapy regimens and is restricted due to severe adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity. Natural or plant-derived antioxidants such as capsaicin were utilized in this study to examine the hepatoprotective benefits against cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity. The rats were divided into five groups: a normal control group, a toxic group (CPM), an intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. on the fourth day, a pretreated group with two doses of CPS (10 mg and 20 mg/kg b.w.) orally for six consecutive days, and an intraperitoneal administration of 200 mg/kg b.w. on the fourth day of treatment. The fifth group was administered with the highest dose of CPS (20 mg/kg b.w.) orally for six consecutive days. After 24 h of administration of CPS, the rats were anesthetized, blood was collected, and the serum enzyme toxicity was evaluated. After the blood sampling and euthanasia of all the animals, the liver was isolated for further toxicity and histopathological examination. The results revealed that serum liver markers (AST, ALT, ALP, BLI) significantly increased after CPM administration, but were subsequently restored after CPS treatment with both doses. In addition, lipid peroxidation (MDA), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1&beta;, TNF-&alpha;), and apoptotic markers (Caspase-3) increased, and antioxidant enzymes (GSH, CAT, SOD) were significantly decreased after CPM administration, and it was re-established by CPS treatment. However, CPS effectively protected against the CPM-induced histopathological architects of liver tissues. In conclusion, CPS attenuates CPM-induced hepatotoxicity via modulating oxidative stress, apoptotic signals, and cytokine pathway. Therefore, CPS could play a significant role as a supplement during the chemotherapy of patients

BOWEL OBSTRUCTION: IMAGING AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Bowel obstruction develops when the regular flow of intraluminal contents is obstructed. Obstruction can occur in the small or large bowel, which can be either functional or mechanical. In nearly 80% of cases of mechanical intestinal obstruction, the small bowel is involved. Ischemia, which aggravates up to 42% of intestinal obstructions, considerably raises bowel obstruction-related mortality. Twenty percent of admissions involving "surgical abdomens" are due to bowel obstructions. Radiology is crucial for confirming the diagnosis and determining the root of the problem. Emergency management of bowel obstruction often comprises aggressive fluid resuscitation, bowel decompression, analgesic and antiemetic therapy when clinically necessary, and early surgical consultation.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aim of the Study:&nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;The purpose of this review is to familiarise radiology residents and other practitioners with the imaging findings indicative of intestinal blockage and to highlight problems necessitating emergency surgical intervention. The evaluation will concentrate on radiography and CT., which are the two most often utilized imaging techniques for suspected intestinal obstruction.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methodology:&lt;/strong&gt;The review is a comprehensive research of PUBMED since the year 1997 to 2021&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;Understanding the treatment of patients with small and large bowel obstruction is crucial for colon and rectal surgeons. For the majority of suspected intestinal blockages, computed tomography is typically the most suitable and accurate diagnostic imaging modality. Plain radiography and contrast imaging/fluoroscopy are two additional frequently used imaging modalities. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging are less often used imaging modalities. No matter the imaging modality employed, the interpretation of imaging should follow a methodical, systematic approach to guarantee diagnostic accuracy.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&lt;/strong&gt;Bowel obstruction, small bowel obstruction, large bowel obstruction, imaging, computed tomography, abdominal radiography, contrast enema, small bowel follow-through, Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, emergency treatment, etc.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt