Chlorpyriphos Induced Histological Deformities In Hepato-Renal Organs Of Fish, Channa Gachua (F. Hamilton)

Chlorpyriphos is used world wide to control different insect pests in agricultural, residential and commercial settings due to its low persistence and high toxicity. Such type of insecticides reaches to the fresh water bodies through agricultural, industrial and domestic runoff and exerts their detrimental effects on non target organisms. Therefore the present investigation was aimed to assess the histological deformities in liver and kidney of fresh water fish, Channa gachua after acute exposure to chlorpyriphos. In a short term (96 hrs.) study healthy fish were exposed to 35 ppm (LC0) concentration and 50 ppm (LC50) concentration of chlorpyriphos and simultaneously control group was run. In liver the significant alternation was also observed at both concentrations such as increased sinusoidal spaces, hepatic cord disarray, pyknosis, karyolysis, vacuolation, lipid infiltration, raptured blood vessel, degeneration of hepatopancrease. In kidney at both concentration, sever degeneration and necrosis of hematopoietic tissue, vacuolization, degeneration of glomerulus and destruction of glomerular capillaries, hypertrophied renal tubular cells and nuclear hypertrophy, karyolysis in the renal tubular cells, epithelial lifting was also observed. Dose dependent profound effect was observed in liver and kidney of fish which were become more sever at higher concentration. The deformities in hepato-renal organs shows real picture of adverse consequences of toxic substances on commercially important and edible fishes. Thus results are significant from environmental pollution and human health point of view.

Advancing Forensic Investigations: Biomarker Identification through Entomology and Chemical Fingerprinting

Evolving practices in forensic science are shifting toward the use of biological and chemical evidence to enhance precision, reliability, and interpretive depth in criminal investigations. Integration of entomology with chemical fingerprinting presents a powerful strategy for identifying biomarkers that remain stable across varied postmortem and environmental conditions. Insects associated with decomposing remains serve as sensitive biological matrices capable of recording temporal exposure to drugs, toxins, and pollutants. Their tissues, exoskeletons, and byproducts such as secretions and pupal casings act as chemical archives that retain forensic relevance when traditional samples degrade. This review explores the underlying principles of chemical fingerprinting applied to entomological evidence, addressing methods for biomarker discovery, analytical validation, and forensic deployment. Emphasis is placed on the expanding role of aquatic and semi-aquatic insects, enabling forensic investigations in challenging environments. Advantages, limitations, and the evidentiary significance of insect-based biomarkers are critically examined. Furthermore, the discussion highlights future research directions involving integration of omics technologies, predictive modeling, and cross-disciplinary training to bridge laboratory innovation with applied forensic practice. Consolidation of these emerging approaches reveals the potential for insect-derived chemical biomarkers to contribute meaningfully to forensic toxicology, postmortem interval estimation, and environmental crime investigation

CRISPR and Genetic Engineering in Zoology: Novel Approaches for Wildlife Conservation and Ecological Restoration

The Sixth Mass Extinction represents a profound biological crisis characterized by accelerated vertebrate population declines and the pervasive erosion of genetic diversity. Traditional conservation strategies, while essential, often fail to mitigate the mutational meltdown and loss of adaptive plasticity inherent in fragmented populations. This review examines the transformative shift in zoology from passive preservation to active genetic intervention facilitated by CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) technology. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the molecular toolkit spanning traditional CRISPR-Cas9 to high precision base and prime editing and its diverse applications in wildlife conservation. Key themes include genetic rescue through the introduction of rare alleles, as exemplified by the Florida panther, and assisted evolution in climate vulnerable taxa such as scleractinian corals. Furthermore, we explore the potent role of RNA guided gene drives in eradicating invasive species and suppressing disease vectors, alongside the provocative science of de-extinction aimed at restoring ecological functions via proxy species like the woolly mammoth. A critical focus is placed on the technical and biological hurdles of evolutionary resistance, which threatens the long-term efficacy of these interventions. Finally, we synthesize the ethical, legal, and social frameworks necessary to navigate the wicked problems of synthetic biology. We conclude that while CRISPR offers an unprecedented lifeline for biodiversity, its success depends on the integration of rigorous ecological modelling, transboundary governance, and a commitment to procedural environmental justice

Spatial And Seasonal Dynamics Of Freshwater Fish Diversity In Riverine And Lacustrine Wetlands Of Jaunpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study investigates the spatial and seasonal dynamics of freshwater fish diversity in selected riverine and lacustrine wetlands of Jaunpur District, Uttar Pradesh, with special reference to River Gomti and Gujar Tal. The study is based entirely on primary field data collected through systematic, season-wise sampling using standard fishing gears across multiple stations. Species richness, station-wise and seasonal variation, and community structure were analyzed using biodiversity indices such as Shannon–Wiener, Simpson, and Evenness indices. Primary schematic spatial maps were generated to interpret the spatial distribution of fish diversity without reliance on secondary sources. The results revealed that River Gomti supported higher species richness and ecological stability compared to Gujar Tal, primarily due to continuous water flow, habitat heterogeneity, and connectivity. Seasonal analysis showed maximum fish diversity during the monsoon season and minimum during summer, highlighting the influence of hydrological conditions on fish assemblages. Conservation assessment based on IUCN categories indicated that while most species were classified as Least Concern, the presence of Near Threatened, Vulnerable, and Data Deficient species signals emerging conservation risks. Major threats identified included overfishing, pollution, and agricultural runoff. The study emphasizes the need for site-specific, season-sensitive management and conservation strategies to ensure the long-term sustainability of freshwater fish biodiversity in wetland ecosystems

Soil-Dwelling (Flossorial) Insects and Their Contribution to Soil Health in Kolhapur District, Maharashtra

Soil-dwelling (flossorial) insects form an important component of below-ground biodiversity and play a vital role in maintaining soil health and ecosystem functioning. The present study investigates the diversity of flossorial insects and evaluates their contribution to soil physical, chemical, and biological properties in Kolhapur District, Western Maharashtra. Field surveys were conducted across agricultural fields, forested areas, and grasslands using soil core sampling, hand sorting, and litter extraction methods. The study recorded major groups of soil-dwelling insects including scarab beetle larvae (white grubs), termites, ants, and predatory larvae such as antlions. These insects exhibited distinct morphological and behavioural adaptations for subterranean life. Their burrowing and feeding activities significantly enhanced soil aeration, improved water infiltration, promoted organic matter decomposition, and facilitated nutrient cycling. While some taxa showed pest potential under agricultural conditions, the overall contribution of flossorial insects to soil structure and fertility was found to be largely beneficial. The study highlights the ecological significance of soil-dwelling insects and emphasizes the need for their conservation to support sustainable agriculture and long-term soil health in the region

Ecology, Seasonal Dynamics, and Bioindicator Potential of Trombidium grandissimum (Red Velvet Mite) in Dryland Agroecosystems of Telangana, India

Red velvet mites (Trombidium grandissimum) are ecologically important soil arthropods that function as predators and bioindicators of soil health. The present study investigates the seasonal dynamics and ecological distribution of T. grandissimum in selected dryland agroecosystems of Telangana, India, during the 2023 monsoon season. Field surveys were conducted in Palem, Thuljaraopet, and Pedda Padishala using pitfall traps, hand collection, and Tullgren funnel extraction methods. Mite activity was restricted to the early monsoon period (May–August), with peak abundance recorded in July (72 individuals/m² at Palem). Significant variation in population density was observed among sites, with higher abundance in red sandy loam soils under organic farming, whereas lower abundance was recorded in black cotton soils subjected to intensive pesticide use. Soil organic carbon showed a strong positive correlation with mite abundance (r = 0.86, p < 0.01), demonstrating its key role in supporting soil fauna. The results confirm the influence of soil properties and agricultural practices on mite distribution and establish T. grandissimum as a reliable bioindicator of soil health. The study highlights the importance of sustainable farming practices for conserving soil biodiversity and enhancing ecosystem functioning in dryland agroecosystems

Coral Diversity Assessment in Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep Archipelago, India: Implications for Conservation

Coral reefs are the most biodiverse marine ecosystems, supporting intricate symbiotic relationships and contributing an estimated $9.9 trillion annually to global benefits. Despite their ecological and economic significance, coral reefs are under severe threat, with 27% already lost and a 14% decline in coral cover over the last decade. India’s coral reefs cover around 2,374 sq.km, yet regions like Kavaratti Island in Lakshadweep remain understudied. Its geographic isolation presents a unique opportunity for biodiversity research, potentially revealing novel species traits and serving as a key reference for Indo-Pacific coral diversity. This study evaluates coral species diversity in Kavaratti Island to bridge gaps in regional coral fauna knowledge using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method. Fourteen hard coral species across five families were documented, with Acropora (n=6) as the dominant group, followed by Poritidae (n=4). Spatial analysis across three reef zones showed that the intermediate lagoon had the highest live coral cover (56.0%), while the inner reef had the highest mortality (66.7%). These findings offer critical baseline data to inform conservation planning, reef management, and climate resilience strategies for coral ecosystems in the Indian Ocean region

Impact of Mass Gathering Event on Water Quality of Holy Ganga River During Mahakumbh-2025 at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study investigates the impact of mass bathing during Mahakumbh 2025 on the water quality of the River Ganga at two key sampling points Sangam and Daraganj in Prayagraj. Water samples were collected and analyzed before (January 8), during (January 13 to February 26), and after (February 28) the Mahakumbh event. Parameters including water temperature (WT), transparency, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), chloride content, and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored. The results revealed noticeable temporal variations across several parameters, particularly during peak bathing days. During Mahakumbh, transparency and TDS levels fluctuated significantly, indicating increased turbidity and pollutant load due to mass gatherings. DO levels generally decreased while BOD increased on key bathing days, especially on February 3 and 6, suggesting a decline in water quality due to organic load. A slight decrease in pH and increases in TH and chloride concentrations were also observed at both sites during the event. Post-Mahakumbh (Feb 28), some recovery in parameters like DO and transparency was evident, though not uniformly across all indicators

A Study Of Economic Conditions And Challenges Of Fishermen In Ganga–Gomati Rivers

The present study examines the economic conditions and challenges faced by traditional fishermen inhabiting the Ganga–Gomati river basin. Fishing remains a primary source of livelihood for these communities, yet their socio-economic well-being is under persistent threat due to multiple environmental, institutional, and market-related factors. The study highlights pressing issues such as declining fish resources caused by overfishing, habitat degradation, and water pollution, which directly affect fishermen’s income and food security. Market exploitation by intermediaries, lack of access to modern infrastructure, inadequate financial support, and bureaucratic hurdles further aggravate their vulnerability. Climate change-induced floods, droughts, and shifting river ecology have disrupted traditional fishing cycles and livelihoods. In addition, technological displacement by mechanized boats and the erosion of cultural traditions are weakening community resilience. The study emphasizes that strengthening market linkages, promoting sustainable fishing practices, improving access to credit and government schemes, and supporting livelihood diversification are essential to enhance economic resilience. Collaborative interventions from government bodies, NGOs, and local institutions are crucial for securing both the livelihoods and cultural identity of fishing communities in the Ganga–Gomati rivers

The Effects Of Urbanization On Local Wildlife Populations

Rapid urbanization is one of the most pervasive forms of land-use change worldwide, profoundly reshaping ecological processes and wildlife populations. While numerous empirical studies document biodiversity declines in urban environments, existing research remains fragmented, often focusing on isolated variables or single taxa, with limited integration of underlying mechanisms. This study develops a comprehensive conceptual framework to explain how urbanization influences local wildlife populations through interacting ecological, behavioral, and spatial pathways. Drawing on principles from landscape ecology, disturbance ecology, and socio-ecological systems theory, the framework conceptualizes urbanization as a multidimensional process encompassing physical habitat transformation, human activity intensity, sensory pollution, and resource redistribution. The study identifies key mechanistic pathways, including habitat fragmentation, altered species interactions, behavioral modification, and trophic restructuring, that collectively drive population-level responses. The framework highlights the importance of nonlinear dynamics, threshold effects, and species-specific traits such as behavioral flexibility and ecological specialization in determining urban tolerance. To advance empirical research, the study formulates a set of testable propositions linking urban intensity to changes in wildlife abundance, community composition, and functional diversity. Beyond theoretical contributions, the framework offers practical insights for conservation planning by emphasizing the role of habitat connectivity, green infrastructure, and biodiversity-sensitive urban design. By integrating diverse mechanisms into a unified, testable model, this study provides a foundation for future empirical validation and supports evidence-based strategies aimed at promoting coexistence between urban development and wildlife in rapidly urbanizing landscapes