11 research outputs found

    Dream Content and its Relationship to Trait Anxiety

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    Essai doctoral prĂ©sentĂ© Ă  la FacultĂ© des Ă©tudes supĂ©rieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de doctorat (D.Psy.)Les Ă©tudes empiriques montrent que le contenu onirique est associĂ© aux prĂ©occupations et pensĂ©es prĂ©sentes Ă  l’état Ă©veillĂ©. Les recherches sur le lien entre le contenu onirique et diffĂ©rentes dimensions de la personnalitĂ©, par contre, ont gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© des rĂ©sultats mitigĂ©s. Bien que l’anxiĂ©tĂ© soit liĂ©e Ă  plusieurs troubles du sommeil, tels l’insomnie et les cauchemars, on sait peu de choses sur le lien entre le contenu onirique (p.ex., teneur affective, nature d’interactions sociales) et les niveaux d’anxiĂ©tĂ© durant l’état de veille. L’objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait d’explorer le lien entre l’anxiĂ©tĂ© en tant que trait de personnalitĂ© et le contenu des rĂȘves de tous les jours auprĂšs d’une population de femmes en bonne santĂ©. Trente femmes (Ăąge moyen: 30.7 ± 12.2 ans) ont complĂ©tĂ© un questionnaire standardisĂ© d’anxiĂ©tĂ© de trait et un agenda quotidien de rĂȘves pendant 2 Ă  5 semaines consĂ©cutives. Au total, 502 rapports de rĂȘves ont Ă©tĂ© recueillis (moyenne de 16.7 ± 9.2 rĂȘves par participante) et leurs contenus ont Ă©tĂ© codifiĂ©s selon un instrument de cotation standardisĂ©. Les hypothĂšses que le niveau d’anxiĂ©tĂ© serait positivement associĂ© Ă  la prĂ©sence d’élĂ©ments nĂ©gatifs dans le contenu onirique (p.ex., interactions agressives, malchances, Ă©checs, mauvais rĂȘves) et Ă  la longueur des rapports oniriques ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©mises. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que le trait d’anxiĂ©tĂ© est positivement associĂ© Ă  la longueur du rapport onirique (ρ=.38, p=.035), mais ils ne dĂ©montrent aucune association significative entre le contenu onirique et les niveaux de trait d’anxiĂ©tĂ©. Ces rĂ©sultats pourraient ĂȘtre expliquĂ©s de deux façons. La premiĂšre serait que le trait d’anxiĂ©tĂ© n’a pas d’impact sur le contenu onirique auprĂšs d’une population de femmes en santĂ©. Une telle explication serait concordante avec des Ă©tudes suggĂ©rant qu’en gĂ©nĂ©ral, les traits de personnalitĂ© n’ont pas ou peu d’impact sur le contenu onirique. La deuxiĂšme possibilitĂ© qui pourrait expliquer les rĂ©sultats nĂ©gatifs de cette Ă©tude est que la mesure d’anxiĂ©tĂ© utilisĂ©e n’était pas assez raffinĂ©e pour dĂ©tecter l’impact de cette variable sur le contenu onirique. Des mesures sensibles Ă  la nature multidimensionnelle de l’anxiĂ©tĂ© pourraient ĂȘtre nĂ©cessaires afin de mieux comprendre le lien entre l’anxiĂ©tĂ© et le contenu onirique. De futures Ă©tudes pourraient donc explorer le lien entre diffĂ©rents types d’anxiĂ©tĂ© (p.ex., anxiĂ©tĂ© liĂ©e aux situations sociales, aux situations ambigĂŒes, au danger physique, aux routines quotidiennes) et le contenu onirique afin d’aider Ă  Ă©lucider comment le trait d’anxiĂ©tĂ© influence les rĂȘves.Empirical research suggests that dreams tend to reflect the contents of the dreamer’s waking thoughts and concerns. Studies on the relationship between dream content and various measures of personality, however, have yielded mixed results. While anxiety has been associated with various sleep disorders, including bad dreams and nightmares, little is known about the relation between anxiety and dream content. The present thesis aimed to investigate the link between trait anxiety and dream content in a healthy female population. Thirty women (mean age = 30.7 ± 12.2 years old) completed a standardized questionnaire measuring trait anxiety and completed a dream log over a 2-5 week period. In total, 502 dream reports were collected (mean number of dreams per participant = 16.7 ± 9.2 dreams) and scored on various dream content scales of a standardised dream codification system. It was hypothesized that trait anxiety would be positively correlated with the presence of negative dream elements, including number of aggressive interactions, misfortunes and bad dreams. In addition, it was hypothesized that trait anxiety will be positively associated with dream recall length. While the results of this investigation confirm the existence of a positive correlation (ρ=.38, p=.035) between trait anxiety and dream recall length, they also suggest that the dream content in itself is unrelated to trait anxiety. Two possibilities may account for these negative results. First, it is possible that trait anxiety has no impact on the dream content in a healthy population. Such interpretation is in line with the research suggesting that personality traits may have no effect on the dream content. The second possibility that could account for the negative results of this study is that the measures of trait anxiety used in this study were not sufficiently refined to reflect the multidimensional nature of anxiety, which may be essential to capture the link between trait anxiety and dream content. In fact, it may be important to use tools that are sensitive to the different types of anxiety (e.g., anxiety associated with social evaluation, physical danger, ambiguous situations, daily routines) in order to understand how trait anxiety affects dream content

    A framework for using magic to study the mind

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    Over the centuries, magicians have developed extensive knowledge about the manipulation of the human mind—knowledge that has been largely ignored by psychology. It has recently been argued that this knowledge could help improve our understanding of human cognition and consciousness. But how might this be done? And how much could it ultimately contribute to the exploration of the human mind? We propose here a framework outlining how knowledge about magic can be used to help us understand the human mind. Various approaches—both old and new—are surveyed, in terms of four different levels. The first focuses on the methods in magic, using these to suggest new approaches to existing issues in psychology. The second focuses on the effects that magic can produce, such as the sense of wonder induced by seeing an apparently impossible event. Third is the consideration of magic tricks—methods and effects together—as phenomena of scientific interest in their own right. Finally, there is the organization of knowledge about magic into an informative whole, including the possibility of a science centered around the experience of wonder

    Hypnosis and top-down regulation of consciousness

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    Hypnosis is a unique form of top-down regulation in which verbal suggestions are capable of eliciting pronounced changes in a multitude of psychological phenomena. Hypnotic suggestion has been widely used both as a technique for studying basic science questions regarding human consciousness but also as a method for targeting a range of symptoms within a therapeutic context. Here we provide a synthesis of current knowledge regarding the characteristics and neurocognitive mechanisms of hypnosis. We review evidence from cognitive neuroscience, experimental psychopathology, and clinical psychology regarding the utility of hypnosis as an experimental method for modulating consciousness, as a model for studying healthy and pathological cognition, and as a therapeutic vehicle. We also highlight the relations between hypnosis and other psychological phenomena, including the broader domain of suggestion and suggestibility, and conclude by identifying the most salient challenges confronting the nascent cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and outlining future directions for research on hypnosis and suggestion

    The role of developmental science in informing legal aspects of youth blameworthiness

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    Evidence from developmental sciences points to the role of psychological and cognitive factors in youth crime. Deficits in decision-making are hallmarks of adolescence suggesting that young individuals are less blameworthy than adults. Politicians in both the United States and Canada, however, are currently seeking to enact legislation stressing a more punitive approach to juvenile crime. Such harsh measures, moreover, may hinder the psychological health of adolescents and have been argued to be largely ineffective in reducing criminal recidivism. The present thesis comprises two manuscripts. One presents a conceptual framework in which we explore the blameworthiness and rehabilitation of youth. The second manuscript consists of results from a pilot survey in which we have assessed opinions of legal and clinical experts regarding the influence of developmental factors on legal desiderata concerning juvenile delinquents. Our findings suggest that while the legal community is moderately sensitive to developmental issues associated with youth culpability, the gap between developmental science and the legal system persists. We suggest that a closer interaction between clinical and legal experts is crucial to create an evidence-based developmental law.Des preuves issues des sciences du dĂ©veloppement rĂ©vĂšlent l'influence des facteurs psychologiques et cognitifs sur la criminalitĂ© juvĂ©nile. Des dĂ©ficits de prise de dĂ©cision jalonnent l'adolescence, ce qui suggĂšre que les jeunes individus sont moins coupables que les adultes. Cependant, les hommes politiques tant aux États-Unis qu'au Canada sont en train de chercher Ă  mettre en vigueur des lĂ©gislations insistant sur une approche punitive envers les crimes juvĂ©niles. De plus, de telles mesures, peuvent heurter la santĂ© psychologique des adolescents et ont Ă©tĂ© accusĂ©es d'ĂȘtre largement inefficaces Ă  la rĂ©duction de la rĂ©cidive criminelle. La thĂšse ci-prĂ©sente comporte deux manuscrits: l'un contient un cadre conceptuel dans lequel nous Ă©tudions la culpabilitĂ© et la rĂ©habilitation de la jeunesse. L'autre manuscrit comprend des rĂ©sultats d'un sondage pilote dans lequel nous avions Ă©valuĂ© les opinions lĂ©gales et cliniques des experts en se basant sur l'influence des facteurs du dĂ©veloppement sur des dĂ©sidĂ©rata lĂ©gaux concernant les jeunes dĂ©linquants. Nos dĂ©couvertes suggĂšrent que pendant que la communautĂ© lĂ©gale est modĂ©rĂ©ment sensible aux problĂšmes de dĂ©veloppement associĂ©s avec la culpabilitĂ© juvĂ©nile, le fossĂ© entre la science du dĂ©veloppement et le systĂšme lĂ©gal persiste. Nous suggĂ©rons qu'une interaction plus rapprochĂ©e entre la loi et la science du dĂ©veloppement est nĂ©cessaire afin de crĂ©er une loi fondĂ©e sur la recherche

    Le rĂŽle des facteurs dĂ©veloppementaux dans la dĂ©termination de la responsabilitĂ© morale chez les jeunes : une Ă©tude pilote Ă©valuant les opinions d’experts lĂ©gaux et cliniques

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    RĂ©cemment, la recherche sur le dĂ©veloppement cognitif fait part d’une grande source d’information concernant la responsabilitĂ© morale attribuable aux dĂ©linquants juvĂ©niles. Cependant, l’intĂ©gration de ces connaissances dans le milieu lĂ©gal demeure largement thĂ©orique. En utilisant un sondage en ligne, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© les opinions, les croyances et les attitudes d’experts lĂ©gaux et cliniques Ă  propos de l’impact des facteurs dĂ©veloppementaux sur la responsabilitĂ© morale des jeunes. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que la communautĂ© lĂ©gale est modĂ©rĂ©ment consciente de la recherche Ă©mergente en science dĂ©veloppementale portant sur la responsabilitĂ© morale des jeunes. Or le fossĂ© entre la thĂ©orie et la pratique persiste. En ce qui a trait Ă  la responsabilitĂ© morale des adolescents et leur capacitĂ© Ă  subir un procĂšs, par exemple, les policiers attribuent significativement moins d’importance aux facteurs dĂ©veloppementaux que ne le font les experts cliniques. Nous soulignons le besoin d’un dialogue plus rapprochĂ© entre le droit et la science dĂ©veloppementale pour favoriser la crĂ©ation d’un consensus et pour amĂ©liorer le traitement des jeunes dĂ©linquants.Evidence from developmental science sheds new light on legal aspects pertaining to the blameworthiness of youth ; however, incorporating these findings into the youth criminal justice system has been largely unsuccessful. Using an online survey, we probed the opinions, beliefs, and attitudes of legal and clinical specialists concerning the extent to which developmental parameters affect youth culpability and their ability to stand trial. Our findings suggest that while the majority of legal and clinical experts acknowledge the impact of developmental factors on the legal responsibility of youth, others (e.g., law enforcement) often underestimate such data. Here we outline how a closer dialogue between law professionals and developmental scientists will better facilitate a sorely overdue legal practice that fashions itself more closely after evidence-based science.Recientemente, las investigaciones sobre el desarrollo cognitivo son parte de una gran fuente de informaciĂłn referente a la responsabilidad moral atribuible a los delincuentes juveniles. Sin embargo, la integraciĂłn de dichos conocimientos en el sistema de justicia de menores se encuentra muy limitada. Utilizando el sistema informĂĄtico gratuito en lĂ­nea, LimeSurvey, hemos evaluado las opiniones, las creencias y las actitudes de los expertos legales (Ej. los oficiales de policĂ­a, los abogados, los jueces) y clĂ­nicos (Ej. los psicĂłlogos, los psiquiatras, los trabajadores sociales) en lo referente a el impacto de los factores de desarrollo sobre el nivel de responsabilidad de los jĂłvenes y de su aptitud a someterse a un proceso judicial. Nuestros resultados sugieren que, mientras la mayorĂ­a de los expertos legales y clĂ­nicos reconocen el rol de la ciencia del desarrollo en la justicia penal, algunos expertos (Ej. los oficiales de policĂ­a) subestiman su importancia. Nosotros sostenemos que un diĂĄlogo mas cercano entre la ciencia del desarrollo y el sistema de justicia es necesario para conciliar las prĂĄcticas legales con los descubrimientos cientĂ­ficos actuales

    'Nothing Up My Sleeve': Information Warfare and the Magical Mindset

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    This chapter outlines how human factors have been, are being, and could be leveraged as key strategic tools in information warfare and online influence in general. The cyber domain is an informational space, and those who inhabit it (i.e. the majority of the inhabitants of the modern world) can all too easily fall prey to mis/disinformation, 'fake news', rumour, and propaganda. The chapter will examine the following questions: a. What are the key challenges facing those confronting the shifting contours of the informational environment? b. How can cyber security learn from the history of deception as a tool of influence; in particular, what can be gained from examining the interaction between the history of warfare and its connections with magic as an art form which relies on the manipulation of human cognition? c. How might the adoption of a 'magical mindset' enable us to both mitigate hostile influence operations and enable our own offensive capability
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