Interactions etween ants, fruits and seeds in the cerrado : the role of ants in the biology of seeds and seedlings

Orientador: Paulo Sergio Moreira Carvalho de OliveiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Nosso conhecimento a respeito dos sistemas de dispersão de sementes tem aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Um número crescente de estudos tem mostrado que a regeneração de plantas é freqüentemente muito mais complexa do que pensávamos, incluindo vários agentes ao longo de etapas subseqüentes do processo de dispersão de sementes. Por exemplo, formigas podem rearranjar a sombra de sementes que cai ao solo, o que pode influenciar as probabilidades de transição do estágio de semente para plântula durante o recrutamento. Neste trabalho reportamos informações mostrando que formigas são importantes agentes de dispersão secundária de sementes na maior savana da América do Sul, o cerrado. Formigas interagiram com diásporos caídos de muitas plantas dispersas primariamente por vertebrados frugívoros. Formigas freqüentemente limparam as sementes da polpa dos frutos, o que aumentou sua germinação. As sementes de Erythroxylum pelleterianum (Erythroxylaceae), Xylopia aromatica (Annonaceae) e Miconia rubiginosa (Melastomataceae) são dispersas primariamente por aves, mas a maior parte de seus frutos cai ao solo sob a planta-mãe. Formigas removeram grande parte destes diásporos caídos, e promoveram dispersão direcionada a microsítios ricos em nutrientes onde houve maior sobrevivência de plântulas, como demonstrado para E. pelleterianum. Contudo, este benefício por vezes foi alcançado à custa de perdas significativas de sementes para formigas granívoras, como em Xylopia aromatica. Aves são responsáveis pela dispersão de sementes a longas distâncias e colonização de novos sítios, enquanto formigas rearranjam a sombra de sementes numa escala menor, depositando-as em sítios onde a sobrevivência das plântulas é aumentada. Embora a maioria das formigas foi generalista em relação às características dos diásporos, formigas cortadeiras mostraram algumas preferências, especialmente por diásporos ricos em carboidratos. Nós sugerimos que estas preferências podem ser devidas às defesas químicas da folhagem de plantas do cerrado, que forçariam as formigas a depender de frutos carnosos para o cultivo de fungo no interior dos ninhos. Finalmente, nós mostramos que as interações formiga-diásporo são suscetíveis a efeitos de borda, que diminuem os benefícios obtidos por plantas dispersas secundariamente por formigas. Esta informação é especialmente relevante, uma vez que o cerrado está sendo convertido para agricultura a taxas alarmantes e efeitos de borda não haviam sido reconhecidos para o cerrado até o momentoAbstract: Our knowledge about seed dispersal systems has been improved considerably in the last few years. An increasing number of studies has shown that the process of plant regeneration is often much more complex than we realize, including several different agents across subsequent steps of seed dispersal. For instance, ants may reshape the seed shadow after seeds fall to the ground, and this may influence the transition probabilities from seed to the seedling stage in plant recruitment. Here we report data showing that ants are important agents of secondary seed dispersal in the largest South American savanna, the cerrado. Ants interacted with fallen diaspores of many plants primarily dispersed by vertebrate frugivores. Ants often cleaned the seeds from fruit matter, what increased seed germination. The seeds of Erythroxylum pelleterianum (Erythroxylaceae), Xylopia aromatica (Annonaceae) and Miconia rubiginosa (Melastomataceae) are primarily dispersed by birds, but most fruits fall to the ground under the parent tree. Ants removed a considerable number of fallen diaspores of these plants, and provided directed dispersal to nutrient-enriched microsites where seedling survival was increased, as shown for E. pelleterianum. However, this benefit sometimes is attained at the cost of significant seed loss to granivorous ants, as in the case of Xylopia aromatica. Birds are likely responsible for long-distance dispersal and colonization of new patches, while ants reshape the seed shadow at a finer scale, delivering seeds to specific sites where seedling survival is more likely. Although most ant taxa were generalist in relation to diaspore traits, leaf-cutter ants showed a preference pattern for some diaspores, particularly carbohydrate-rich ones. We suggest that such preference may be driven by the chemically-protected plant leaves of the cerrado, which would constrain leaf-cutter ants to rely on fleshy fruits for fungus culturing inside their nests. Finally, we showed that ant-diaspore interactions are susceptible to edge effects, which decrease benefits obtained by plants secondarily dispersed by ants. This information is particularly relevant, since the cerrado is currently being converted to cropland at an alarming rate, and so far edge effects had not been recognized in the cerradoDoutoradoEcologiaDoutor em Ecologi

Business Benefits Associated With Improving Fatigue Regulations for Cargo Pilots

The central idea of this research is to assess business-related factors in the Pilots ́ Fatigue Regulations and evaluate if a more flexible regulation would improve productivity of airline cargo pilots in Brazil. The results of the study have indicated that Brazilian Civil Aviation Authority (ANAC) can create a regulatory environment that may lead up to 34,28% of improved productivity of pilots ́ availability in cargo operations, which may contribute for gains up to USD $3.6 million for an airline with cargo 70 pilots flying 16.500 hours per year. Aviation fatigue regulations are an extremely important subject in the aviation industry as they are a part of an evolution of operational processes within the Safety Management System (SMS). However, some restrictions in regulation may produce some business-related inefficiencies in terms of additional costs or revenue loss to airline companies. The research conducted revised the bibliography available with regards this subject of pilots ́ fatigue regulation in the USA and Brazil. The Group also compared important business-related indicators related to cargo pilots ́ operations in Brazil and calculated potential gains of a hypothetical scenario with an adjusted pilot ́s schedule in line with FAA CFR 177. At last, the research included evaluation of The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) records of events of cargo operations in the USA to compare if safety is impacted by fatigue in an environment of an optimized schedule of cargo pilot. A crucial finding of this research is that the proposed changes shall not impact current safety levels caused by fatigue of pilots

Rumo a estimativas confiáveis de remoção de sementes por pequenos mamíferos e aves no Neotrópico

Birds are often considered seed predators of less importance when compared to rodents or granivorous ants in studies of seed predation using selective exclosures. However, it is possible that the role of granivorous birds interacting with seeds on the floor of Neotropical forests is being underestimated, if the selective exclosures designed to allow exclusive access to small rodents do not work properly in the Neotropics. We used an experimental approach to evaluate whether birds could remove seeds from selective exclosures designed to allow exclusive access to rodents. We compared seed removal from two paired treatments in the field: an open treatment (control) allowing the access to all vertebrates, and a selective exclosure treatment, where seeds were placed under a cage staked to the ground and covered on top and on the laterals by wire mesh of varying sizes. Treatments were placed in the center of a sand quadrat in order to record the visit of vertebrates from their footprints. Although the selective exclosures are used to tell apart the small mammal seed removal from that of other animals, birds could persistently remove seeds from selective exclosures. Thus, the role of birds interacting with seeds on the floor of tropical forests may be underestimated for some plant species, due to an artifact of the exclosure method employed. Exclosures of 40 x 40 x 40 cm should be efficient to deter the removal of seeds by birds, allowing the consumption of the seeds by small mammals at the same time.Aves são freqüentemente consideradas predadores de sementes de pouca importância, quando comparadas a roedores e formigas granívoras em estudos sobre predação de sementes que utilizam exclusões seletivas. Contudo, é possível que o papel de aves granívoras que interagem com sementes no solo de florestas Neotropicais vem sendo subestimado, se as exclusões seletivas usadas para permitir o acesso exclusivo a pequenos roedores não funcionam de forma apropriada no Neotrópico. Foi usada uma abordagem experimental para avaliar se aves poderiam remover sementes do interior de exclusões seletivas desenhadas para permitir acesso exclusivo a roedores. Comparou-se a remoção de sementes em dois tratamentos no campo: um tratamento aberto (controle) que permite o acesso a todos os vertebrados, e um tratamento de exclusão seletiva, no qual as sementes eram dispostas sob uma gaiola metálica fixada ao solo e recoberta por tela metálica de tamanhos variados. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no centro de uma parcela de areia de forma a registrar a visita de vertebrados por meio de pegadas. Embora as exclusões seletivas sejam usadas para estimar separadamente a remoção de sementes por pequenos mamíferos daquela praticada por outros animais, aves puderam remover sementes das exclusões seletivas. Assim, o papel de aves interagindo com sementes no solo de florestas tropicais pode estar sendo subestimado para algumas espécies de plantas, devido a um artefato do método de exclusão empregado. Exclusões de 40 x 40 x 40 cm devem ser eficientes para deter a remoção de sementes por aves, permitindo o consumo de sementes por pequenos mamíferos ao mesmo tempo.203208Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Desenvolvimento de sistemas gamificados com foco no edutretenimento e no jogador: uma análise dos arquétipos de Bartle e Marczewski

This paper presents a development methodology about gamification systems, in which discuss the learning in these media from entertainment, concept defined as Edutertainment. By employing gamification in this type of production, it is believed that the investigation must be focused only on the playing techniques. However, from a literature review, it was found that the focus should be on the player, considering their feelings and real motivations to stay in the system. As a result, it is providing a comparative overview on the theories of Bartle (1996, 2005) and Marczewski (2015) with the main differences between player types in gaming environments and gamification systems, especially with regard to motivational strategies in the context of education.O presente trabalho traz uma metodologia de desenvolvimento de sistemas gamificados, em que se aborda o aprendizado nesses meios a partir do entretenimento, conceito definido como Edutretenimento. Ao se empregar a Gamificação neste tipo de produção, acredita-se que a investigação deva recair apenas sobre as técnicas de jogo. No entanto, a partir de uma revisão da literatura, constatou-se que o foco deve estar centrado no jogador, considerando-se os seus sentimentos e reais motivações para permanecer no sistema. Como resultado, é apresentado um quadro comparativo sobre as teorias de Bartle (1996, 2005) e Marczewski (2015) com as principais diferenças dos tipos de jogador em ambientes de jogos e sistemas gamificados, principalmente no que diz respeito às estratégias motivacionais no contexto da educação

Visual and computational analysis of structure-activity relationships in high-throughput screening data

Novel analytic methods are required to assimilate the large volumes of structural and bioassay data generated by combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening programmes in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. This paper reviews recent work in visualisation and data mining that can be used to develop structure-activity relationships from such chemical/biological datasets

Detection of emotions in Parkinson's disease using higher order spectral features from brain's electrical activity

Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) involving cognition and emotion have been progressively receiving more attention in recent times. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, being an activity of central nervous system, can reflect the underlying true emotional state of a person. This paper presents a computational framework for classifying PD patients compared to healthy controls (HC) using emotional information from the brain's electrical activity

Understanding Brazil’s catastrophic fires : causes, consequences and policy needed to prevent future tragedies

Brazil has experienced unprecedented wildfires in the last decade. Images ofimmense burnt areas or dead animals that failed to escape the 2020 wildfires have shocked the world. To prevent or minimize further similardisasters wemustunderstandthe factors thathave ledto these catastrophic events. The causes and consequences of wildfires entail complex interactions between the biophysical and sociocultural spheres, and suitable management decisions require a sound scientific base. We present the recent panorama of increasing fire outbreaks in the Brazilian biomes, and discuss the causes that have contributed to such fires, their impacts on the environment and overall consequences for human well-being, based on reviewing the extensive specialist literature, on authors’ expert knowledge and information provided by environmental managers, researchers and politicians during a workshop organized to debate the wildfire issue in Brazil. Our up-to-date review is aimed at the academic public, environmental managers and decision- and policy-makers. First, we present evidence on the contrasting effects of fire on different ecosystems. Second, we outline the historic perceptions and policies related to fire use and management in Brazil since its colonization to the present date. Third, we propose means to advance fire prevention and develop successful management strategies. Finally, we answer frequently asked questions to clarify and/or demystify some fire-related issues not always properly addressed in the media

Supervised Classification: Quite a Brief Overview

The original problem of supervised classification considers the task of automatically assigning objects to their respective classes on the basis of numerical measurements derived from these objects. Classifiers are the tools that implement the actual functional mapping from these measurements---also called features or inputs---to the so-called class label---or output. The fields of pattern recognition and machine learning study ways of constructing such classifiers. The main idea behind supervised methods is that of learning from examples: given a number of example input-output relations, to what extent can the general mapping be learned that takes any new and unseen feature vector to its correct class? This chapter provides a basic introduction to the underlying ideas of how to come to a supervised classification problem. In addition, it provides an overview of some specific classification techniques, delves into the issues of object representation and classifier evaluation, and (very) briefly covers some variations on the basic supervised classification task that may also be of interest to the practitioner

Evaluation of machine-learning methods for ligand-based virtual screening

Machine-learning methods can be used for virtual screening by analysing the structural characteristics of molecules of known (in)activity, and we here discuss the use of kernel discrimination and naive Bayesian classifier (NBC) methods for this purpose. We report a kernel method that allows the processing of molecules represented by binary, integer and real-valued descriptors, and show that it is little different in screening performance from a previously described kernel that had been developed specifically for the analysis of binary fingerprint representations of molecular structure. We then evaluate the performance of an NBC when the training-set contains only a very few active molecules. In such cases, a simpler approach based on group fusion would appear to provide superior screening performance, especially when structurally heterogeneous datasets are to be processed