Знеболювання в ендоскопічній хірургії органів грудної порожнини

Anesthesia in the endoscopic thoracic surgeryЗнеболювання в ендоскопічній хірургії органів грудної порожнин

The 'Route from the Varangians to the Greeks': truth or fiction

The 'route from the Varangians to the Greeks' is widely known and often mentioned in research, popular science and educational literature. Much less often is it mentioned that the existence of the trade route is seriously doubted and needs additional evidence. The discussion about the actuality of a 'route from the Varangians to the Greeks' has intensified in the recent decade; it mostly involves historians who draw on chronicles, archive materials and literary sources. Although relevant geographical studies focus on small territories and have a limited scope, only they can give a definitive answer to the question of whether it was possible to sail the rivers of the East European Plain between the Baltic and Black Seas in the 8th-11th centuries AD. Of particular importance are studies on the watersheds marking the principal legs of the route. If the watersheds were traversable, the 'route from the Varangians to the Greeks' was navigable, and the impassability of watersheds would preclude navigation along the route. Methodologically, the study employs methods and approaches used in physiographical field studies, which have not been applied earlier to the watershed sections of the 'route from the Varangians to the Greeks'. The central result of the research is the reconstruction of the hydrological features and hydrographic situation of the watershed between the basins of the Neva (River Lovat) and the Western Dvina (River Usvyacha) during the existence of the 'route from the Varangians to the Greeks'. This reconstruction and the study of the watershed territories, the system of land communication routes and toponymic features of this territory conclusively demonstrate that the 'way from the Varangians to the Greeks', or the Baltic-Black Sea waterway, could actually exist

Silicon Atomic Quantum Dots Enable Beyond-CMOS Electronics

We review our recent efforts in building atom-scale quantum-dot cellular automata circuits on a silicon surface. Our building block consists of silicon dangling bond on a H-Si(001) surface, which has been shown to act as a quantum dot. First the fabrication, experimental imaging, and charging character of the dangling bond are discussed. We then show how precise assemblies of such dots can be created to form artificial molecules. Such complex structures can be used as systems with custom optical properties, circuit elements for quantum-dot cellular automata, and quantum computing. Considerations on macro-to-atom connections are discussed.Comment: 28 pages, 19 figure

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ГЛУТАТИОНА В КЛЕТКАХ ОПУХОЛЕВОЙ ЛИНИИ Р19 ПРИ ГИПОКСИИ

Introduction. According to modern perceptions, tumor growth, along with oxidative stress formation, is accompanied by hypoxia. Nowadays studying the regulation of cellular molecular system functioning by conformational changes in proteins appears to be a topical issue. Research goal was to evaluate the state of the glutathione system and the level of protein glutathionylation in P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells under hypoxic conditions.Material and methods. P19 EC cells (mouse embryonal carcinoma) cultured under normoxic and hypox-ic conditions served the research material.The concentration of total, oxidized, reduced and protein-bound glutathione, the reduced to oxidized thiol ratio as well as glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity were determined by spectropho-tometry.Results. Glutathione imbalance was accompanied by a decrease in P19 EC cell redox status under hypox-ic conditions against the backdrop of a rise in protein-bound glutathione.Conclusions. As a result of the conducted study oxidative stress formation was identified when modeling hypoxia in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. The rise in the concentration of protein-bound glutathione may indicate the role of protein glutathionylation in regulation of P19 cell metabolism and functions un-der hypoxia. Введение. Согласно современным представлениям, опухолевый рост, наряду с формированием окислительного стресса, сопровождается гипоксией. В настоящее время актуальным является изучение регуляции функционирования молекулярных систем клеток с помощью конформационных изменений белков.Цель исследования – оценить состояние системы глутатиона и уровень глутатионилирования бел-ков в опухолевых клетках линии Р19 при гипоксии.Материал и методы. Материалом для исследования служили опухолевые клетки линии Р19 (тератокарцинома мыши), культивированные в условиях нормоксии и гипоксии. Методом спектрофотометрии определяли концентрацию общего, окисленного, восстановленного и белково-связанного глутатиона, величину соотношения восстановленной фракции тиола к окисленной, а также активность глутатионпероксидазы и глутатионредуктазы.Результаты. Дисбаланс системы глутатиона сопровождался снижением редокс-статуса опухолевых клеток линии Р19 в условиях гипоксии на фоне увеличения содержания белково-связанного глутатиона.Заключение. В результате проведенного исследования установлено формирование окислительно-го стресса при моделировании гипоксии в опухолевых клетках линии Р19. Увеличение содержания белково-связанного глутатиона может свидетельствовать об участии процесса глутатионилирования протеинов в регуляции метаболизма и функций опухолевых клеток линии Р19 при гипоксии

СИСТЕМА ГЛУТАТИОНА УЧАСТВУЕТ В РЕГУЛЯЦИИ АПОПТОЗА ОПУХОЛЕВЫХ КЛЕТОК

The research objective is to determine the role of the gluthatione system components in realization of the receptor pathway of Jukart tumor cell apoptosis.Apoptosis realization using FITC-labeled annexin V and propidium iodide as well as the amount of TNF R1- and Fas-presenting cells has been evaluated by flow cytofluorometry; activity caspase-3 registered a spektroflyuorimetrichesky method. The concentration of reduced and oxidated gluthatione has been determined by spectrophotometry.The material for the research was intact Jukart tumor cells and the ones incubated in the presence of a selective inhibitor of the key gluthatione synthesis enzyme – buthionine-sulfoximine.The research has shown that the gluthatione system plays an important regulatory role in activation of the receptor pathway of Jukart tumor cell apoptosis.The gluthatione system components are targets for activation of programmed cell death in tumor growth.Цель исследования – выявить роль компонентов системы глутатиона в реализации рецепторного пути апоптоза опухолевых клеток линии Jurkat.Оценку реализации апоптоза проводили методом проточной цитофлюориметрии с использованием FITS-меченного аннексина V и пропидия иодида, количества TNF R1- и Fas-презентирующих клеток; активность каспазы-3 регистрировали спектрофлюориметрическим методом. Определение содержания восстановленного и окисленного глутатиона осуществляли спектрофотометрическим методом.Материалом для исследования служили опухолевые клетки линии Jurkat: интактные и инкубированные в присутствии селективного ингибитора ключевого фермента синтеза глутатиона – бутионин-сульфоксимина.Исследование показало, что система глутатиона играет важную регуляторную роль в активации рецепторного пути апоптоза опухолевых клеток линии Jurkat.Компоненты системы глутатиона являются мишенями для активации программированной гибели при опухолевом росте

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration

Measurement of the inclusive and dijet cross-sections of b-jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The inclusive and dijet production cross-sections have been measured for jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements use data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34 pb^-1. The b-jets are identified using either a lifetime-based method, where secondary decay vertices of b-hadrons in jets are reconstructed using information from the tracking detectors, or a muon-based method where the presence of a muon is used to identify semileptonic decays of b-hadrons inside jets. The inclusive b-jet cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum in the range 20 < pT < 400 GeV and rapidity in the range |y| < 2.1. The bbbar-dijet cross-section is measured as a function of the dijet invariant mass in the range 110 < m_jj < 760 GeV, the azimuthal angle difference between the two jets and the angular variable chi in two dijet mass regions. The results are compared with next-to-leading-order QCD predictions. Good agreement is observed between the measured cross-sections and the predictions obtained using POWHEG + Pythia. MC@NLO + Herwig shows good agreement with the measured bbbar-dijet cross-section. However, it does not reproduce the measured inclusive cross-section well, particularly for central b-jets with large transverse momenta.Comment: 10 pages plus author list (21 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version published in European Physical Journal

Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results

Jet size dependence of single jet suppression in lead-lead collisions at sqrt(s(NN)) = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

Measurements of inclusive jet suppression in heavy ion collisions at the LHC provide direct sensitivity to the physics of jet quenching. In a sample of lead-lead collisions at sqrt(s) = 2.76 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 7 inverse microbarns, ATLAS has measured jets with a calorimeter over the pseudorapidity interval |eta| < 2.1 and over the transverse momentum range 38 < pT < 210 GeV. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-kt algorithm with values for the distance parameter that determines the nominal jet radius of R = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5. The centrality dependence of the jet yield is characterized by the jet "central-to-peripheral ratio," Rcp. Jet production is found to be suppressed by approximately a factor of two in the 10% most central collisions relative to peripheral collisions. Rcp varies smoothly with centrality as characterized by the number of participating nucleons. The observed suppression is only weakly dependent on jet radius and transverse momentum. These results provide the first direct measurement of inclusive jet suppression in heavy ion collisions and complement previous measurements of dijet transverse energy imbalance at the LHC.Comment: 15 pages plus author list (30 pages total), 8 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Physics Letters B. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/HION-2011-02