Chromosome landmarks and autosome-sex chromosome translocations in Rumex hastatulus, a plant with XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system

Rumex hastatulus is the North American endemic dioecious plant with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. It is differentiated into two chromosomal races: Texas (T) race characterised by a simple XX/XY sex chromosome system and North Carolina (NC) race with a polymorphic XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system. The gross karyotype morphology in NC race resembles the derived type, but chromosomal changes that occurred during its evolution are poorly understood. Our C-banding/DAPI and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments demonstrated that Y chromosomes of both races are enriched in DAPI-positive sequences and that the emergence of polymorphic sex chromosome system was accompanied by the break of ancestral Y chromosome and switch in the localization of 5S rDNA, from autosomes to sex chromosomes (X and Y2). Two contrasting domains were detected within North Carolina Y chromosomes: the older, highly heterochromatinised, inherited from the original Y chromosome and the younger, euchromatic, representing translocated autosomal material. The flow-cytometric DNA estimation showed ∼3.5 % genome downsizing in the North Carolina race. Our results are in contradiction to earlier reports on the lack of heterochromatin within Y chromosomes of this species and enable unambiguous identification of autosomes involved in the autosome-heterosome translocation, providing useful chromosome landmarks for further studies on the karyotype and sex chromosome differentiation in this species

El deber de enrolarse y el derecho a votar. Reflexiones en torno a la ciudadanía armada y el sufragio en argentina, 1863-1877

This paper reflects on one of the key subjects in nineteenth-century Spanish-American politics: the role of civil-military forces, particularly the National Guard, in the electoral process and its effects on the creation of political citizenry. Special attention is paid to Argentina in the 1860s and 1870s, exploring how the laws and institutions defined and specified the relationship between enlisting in the National Guard and exercising the right to vote. This is done by studying the legislative debates that took place prior to the National Electoral Law of 1863 coming into effect, as well as those pertaining to the electoral reforms of 1873 and 1877, in addition to the changes in electoral legislation and the influence of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento’s thoughts on the aforementioned processes.El presente trabajo reflexiona sobre uno de los temas clave de la historia política decimonónica hispanoamericana: el papel de las fuerzas cívico militares, en particular la Guardia Nacional, en los procesos electorales y sus efectos en la construcción de la ciudadanía política. En particular, se concentra en la Argentina de las décadas de 1860 y 1870 y explora de qué manera las leyes y las instituciones definieron y delimitaron la relación entre el enrolamiento en la Guardia Nacional y el ejercicio del derecho a voto. Para ello se estudian los debates legislativos previos a la puesta en vigencia de la Ley Electoral Nacional de 1863 y los relativos a las reformas electorales de 1873 y 1877, así como los cambios en la legislación electoral y las influencias del pensamiento de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento en los referidos procesos

Post-Franco Theatre

In the multiple realms and layers that comprise the contemporary Spanish theatrical landscape, “crisis” would seem to be the word that most often lingers in the air, as though it were a common mantra, ready to roll off the tongue of so many theatre professionals with such enormous ease, and even enthusiasm, that one is prompted to wonder whether it might indeed be a miracle that the contemporary technological revolution – coupled with perpetual quandaries concerning public and private funding for the arts – had not by now brought an end to the evolution of the oldest of live arts, or, at the very least, an end to drama as we know it