Monitoring der Arbeitsmarktöffnung - Auswirkungen auf Beschäftigungsformen und auf Lohndumping

Veränderungen am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt im Zuge der Arbeitsmarktliberalisierung – Qualitative Einschätzungen aus Expertinnensicht. Die Veränderungen im Zuge der Arbeitsmarktöffnung werden als moderat beurteilt, so der allgemeine Tenor verschiedenster ExpertInnen. Eine besondere Dynamisierung am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt beispielsweise durch eine Verdrängung inländischer Arbeitskräfte durch Neuzugewanderte aus dem EU-8 Raum wird seitens der ExpertInnen nicht im größeren Maße beobachtet. Österreich stellt im europäischen Vergleich ein wichtiges ‚Empfängerland‘ für Entsendungen von ArbeitnehmerInnen dar. Laut einer europaweiten Studie werden deutlich mehr ArbeitnehmerInnen nach Österreich entsandt, als von Österreich aus in andere Arbeitsmärkte. Die Nettobilanz der Entsendungen ist für Österreich negativ und lag im Jahr 2009 bei etwa -26.000. Die Bekämpfung von Lohn- und Sozialdumping in Österreich erhielt mit Mai 2011 mit dem Lohn- und Sozialdumpingbekämpfungsgesetz (LSDB-G) eine neue gesetzliche Grundlage. Im Zentrum dieser Neuregelung steht der Verwaltungsstraftatbestand der Unterschreitung des Grundlohns

Geringfügige Beschäftigung in Österreich

L&R Sozialforschung führte im Jahr 2002 in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Staatswissenschaften der Universität Wien und im Auftrag des BMASK eine umfassende Grundlagenstudie zur Beschäftigungssituation und sozialen und materiellen Absicherung von geringfügig Beschäftigten in Österreich durch. Die Erkenntnisse aus der Studie sollen u. a. dazu beitragen, das Informationsangebot für geringfügig Beschäftigte bedarfsorientierter zu gestalten. In der Studie finden sich detaillierte Erhebungen zur Frage der Arbeitszufriedenheit und zur Arbeitsbelastung. Zusätzlich wurde auch auf eine Darstellung der Branchen und Wirtschaftsbereiche der Arbeitsplätze geringfügig Beschäftigter im Jahresvergleich geachtet. Des Weiteren ist auch eine Erhebung zu arbeitsrechtlichen Problemen im Zusammenhang mit geringfügigen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen und zum Stand der Information der geringfügig Beschäftigten über ihre rechtlichen Ansprüche enthalten

Beschäftigungssituation von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund in Wien

BESCHÄFTIGUNGSSITUATION VON PERSONEN MIT MIGRATIONSHINTERGRUND IN WIEN Beschäftigungssituation von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund in Wien / Riesenfelder, Andreas (Rights reserved) ( -

Communication and signal exchange in the Rhizobium bradyrhizobium legume system

A new comprehensive communication concept in the Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium legume symbiosis was developed. It includes a root zone specific flavonoid exudation, the differential activity of phenylpropane/acetate pathway derivatives on chemotaxis, nod-gene inducing activity and phytoalexin resistance induction on the microsymbiont side (Bradyrhizobium). Nod factor production from the microsymbiont affects the host plant in root hair curling and meristem induction. Phytoalexin production in the host plant is also an early response, however repressed to a low level after a few hours. Another strategy of the microsymbiont to overcome phytoalexin effects is degradation of phytoalexins in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. vicieae. Competitiveness within the same infection group of the microsymbiont was studied with gus-gene fusion, using the blue coloured nodules to easily discriminate marked strains from unmarked competitors. New exopolysaccharide (EPS) mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum were reconstructed homologous with a DNA region to exoB gene of Rhizobium meliloti. Their clearly reduced competitiveness of nodulation, demonstrates that exopolysaccharides of Bradyrhizohium japonicum also have an important function during the early stages of this symbiotic interaction

A polyphasic approach to the study of the genus Nitzschia (Bacillariophyta): three new planktonic species from the Adriatic Sea

The paraphyletic diatom genus Nitzschia comprises over 1000 morphologically distinct pennate taxa, known from the benthos and plankton of freshwater, brackish and marine environments. The principal diagnostic characters for delimitation of Nitzschia species include valve shape, the position and structure of the raphe, presence/absence and shape of the proximal raphe endings and terminal raphe fissures, areola structure, and specific morphometric features such as cell size, and stria and fibula density. In this study, we isolated 12 diatom strains into culture from samples collected at the surface or greater depths of the southeastern Adriatic Sea. Morphological analyses included LM, SEM and TEM observations, which, along with specific morphometric features, allowed us to distinguish three new Nitzschia species. These findings were congruent with the results of phylogenetic analyses performed on nuclear‐encoded SSU (18S) rDNA and chloroplast‐encoded rbcL and psbC genes. One of the new species (Nitzschia dalmatica sp. nov.) formed a lineage within a clade of Bacillariaceae containing members of the Nitzschia sect. Dubiae, which was sister to Psammodictyon. A second lineage was part of a novel clade that is significantly distinct from other Nitzschia species sequenced so far and includes Nitzschia adhaerens sp. nov. and N. cf. adhaerens. A further new species was found, Nitzschia inordinata sp. nov., which appeared as the sister group to the N. adhaerens clade and the conopeoid Nitzschia species in our phylogenetic trees. Our findings contribute to the overall diversity of genus Nitzschia, especially in identifying some deep branches within the Bacillariaceae, and highlight under‐scoring of this genus in marine plankton.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

T Tubules and Surface Membranes Provide Equally Effective Pathways of Carbonic Anhydrase-Facilitated Lactic Acid Transport in Skeletal Muscle

We have studied lactic acid transport in the fast mouse extensor digitorum longus muscles (EDL) by intracellular and cell surface pH microelectrodes. The role of membrane-bound carbonic anhydrases (CA) of EDL in lactic acid transport was investigated by measuring lactate flux in muscles from wildtype, CAIV-, CAIX- and CAXIV-single ko, CAIV-CAXIV double ko and CAIV–CAIX–CAXIV-triple ko mice. This was complemented by immunocytochemical studies of the subcellular localization of CAIV, CAIX and CAXIV in mouse EDL. We find that CAXIV and CAIX single ko EDL exhibit markedly but not maximally reduced lactate fluxes, whereas triple ko and double ko EDL show maximal or near-maximal inhibition of CA-dependent lactate flux. Interpretation of the flux measurements in the light of the immunocytochemical results leads to the following conclusions. CAXIV, which is homogeneously distributed across the surface membrane of EDL fibers, facilitates lactic acid transport across this membrane. CAIX, which is associated only with T tubular membranes, facilitates lactic acid transport across the T tubule membrane. The removal of lactic acid from the lumen of T tubuli towards the interstitial space involves a CO2-HCO3- diffusional shuttle that is maintained cooperatively by CAIX within the T tubule and, besides CAXIV, by the CAIV, which is strategically located at the opening of the T tubules. The data suggest that about half the CA-dependent muscular lactate flux occurs across the surface membrane, while the other half occurs across the membranes of the T tubuli.Public Library of Scienc

Spatial divergence in the proportions of genes encoding toxic peptide synthesis among populations of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix in European lakes

It has been frequently reported that seasonal changes in toxin production by cyanobacteria are due to changes in the proportion of toxic/nontoxic genotypes in parallel to increases or decreases in population density during the seasonal cycle of bloom formation. In order to find out whether there is a relationship between the proportion of genes encoding toxic peptide synthesis and population density of Planktothrix spp. we compared the proportion of three gene regions that are indicative of the synthesis of the toxic heptapeptide microcystin (mcyB), and the bioactive peptides aeruginoside (aerB) and anabaenopeptin (apnC) in samples from 23 lakes of five European countries (n=153). The mcyB, aerB, and apnC genes occurred in 99%, 99%, and 97% of the samples, respectively, and on average comprised 60 ± 3%, 22 ± 2%, and 54 ± 4% of the total population, respectively. Although the populations differed widely in abundance (10−3–103 mm3 L−1) no dependence of the proportion of the mcyB, aerB, and apnC genes on the density of the total population was found. In contrast populations differed significantly in their average mcyB, aerB, and apnC gene proportions, with no change between prebloom and bloom conditions. These results emphasize stable population-specific differences in mcyB, aerB, and apnC proportions that are independent from seasonal influences

Landscape homogenization due to agricultural intensification disrupts the relationship between reproductive success and main prey abundance in an avian predator

Selecting high-quality habitat and the optimal time to reproduce can increase individual fitness and is a strong evolutionary factor shaping animal populations. However, few studies have investigated the interplay between land cover heterogeneity, limitation in food resources, individual quality and spatial variation in fitness parameters. Here, we explore how individuals of different quality respond to possible mismatches between a cue for prey availability (land cover heterogeneity) and the actual fluctuating prey abundance.Peer reviewe

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio