Anos potenciais de vida perdidos e custos hospitalares da leptospirose no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To estimate costs of hospitalization and years of potential life lost associated with leptospirosis. METHODS: Databases of the Brazilian Ministry of Health's information system were used to carry out probabilistic linkage of cases and hospitalizations leading to death by leptospirosis in 2007. Within the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, confirmed cases were subdivided into hospitalization and death. These were then linked to the Hospital Information System (records with primary diagnosis) and the Mortality Information System (underlying cause of death A27.0, A27.8, and A27.9) databases. The partial cost of hospitalization, deaths by disease, and years of potential life and work lost, were estimated. RESULTS: Most hospitalizations leading to death occurred among males aged 18-49 years, of white ethnicity, living in urban areas, and with incomplete elementary education. Years of potential life lost amounted to 6,490, 75% of which were in the 20-49 years age group. When adjusted for the population, this loss represented 15 days of life/thousand persons. The ratio of years of potential life lost to number of deaths was on average 30 years per death. The estimated financial impact amounted to R$22.9 million in non-earned wages. Hospitalization costs totaled R$ 831.5 thousand. Estimated days of wages lost per admission period (median: 6 days) amounted to R$103.0 thousand. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high social cost in terms of years of potential life lost and partial hospital costs associated with leptospirosis when compared to the possibility of early treatment or prevention of infection, both of which could minimize the impact of the disease on the Brazilian population.OBJETIVO: Estimar los costos asociados a la hospitalización y los años potenciales de vida perdidos debido a la leptospirosis. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron los bancos de datos de sistemas de información en salud del Ministerio de la Salud para la conexión probabilística de los casos e internaciones que evolucionaron a óbito por leptospirosis en 2007. En el Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación los casos confirmados fueron subdivididos en internación y óbito, siendo relacionados con las siguientes bases: Sistemas de Informaciones Hospitalarias (registros con diagnóstico principal) y Sistemas de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad (causa básica del óbito, A27.0, A27.8 y A27.9). Se estimaron los costos parciales de internación, los óbitos por la enfermedad, los años potenciales de vida y de trabajo perdidos. RESULTADOS: Las características de la mayoría de las internaciones que evolucionaron para óbito eran: sexo masculino, entre 18 y 49 años, raza blanca, zona urbana y educación primaria incompleta. Fueron 6.490 años potenciales de vida perdidos, siendo 75$ 22,9 millones en salarios no ganados. Los costos hospitalarios duelen de R$831,5 mil. Considerando los días de salario perdidos por período de internación (mediana: 6 días) hubo pérdida de R$ 103,0 mil. CONCLUSIONES: Hubo elevado costo social en término de años potenciales de vida perdidos y gasto hospitalario parcial con leptospirosis cuando se compara con el posible tratamiento precoz o al no padecimiento de la enfermedad, lo que podría haber minimizado el impacto de esta enfermedad en la población brasileña.OBJETIVO: Estimar os custos associados à hospitalização e os anos potenciais de vida perdidos devido à leptospirose. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os bancos de dados de sistemas de informação em saúde do Ministério da Saúde para o relacionamento probabilístico dos casos e internações que evoluíram a óbito por leptospirose em 2007. No Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação os casos confirmados foram subdivididos em internação e óbito, que foram relacionados às seguintes bases: Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (registros com diagnóstico principal) e Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (causa básica do óbito, A27.0, A27.8 e A27.9). Foram estimados os custos parciais de internação, os óbitos pela doença, os anos potenciais de vida e de trabalho perdidos. RESULTADOS: As características da maioria das internações que evoluíram para óbito eram: sexo masculino, entre 18 e 49 anos, raça branca, zona urbana e ensino fundamental incompleto. Foram 6.490 anos potenciais de vida perdidos, sendo 75% da faixa etária de 20 a 49 anos. Quando ajustada pela população, a perda foi de 15 dias de vida/1.000 habitantes. A proporção de anos potenciais de vida perdidos pelo número de óbitos foi em média de 30 anos perdidos para cada óbito. O impacto financeiro estimado foi equivalente a R$22,9 milhões em salários não ganhos. Os custos hospitalares foram de R$ 831,5 mil. Considerando os dias de salário perdidos por período de internação (mediana: 6 dias), houve perda de R$ 103,0 mil. CONCLUSÕES: Houve elevado custo social em termo de anos potenciais de vida perdidos e gasto hospitalar parcial com leptospirose quando comparado ao possível tratamento precoce ou não adoecimento, o que poderia ter minimizado o impacto dessa doença na população brasileira

A UTILIZAÇÃO DA IMUNOFLUORESCÊNCIA INDIRETA NO DIAGNÓSTICO DE ROTINA DA LEISHMANIOSE VISCERAL CANINA E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES NO CONTROLE DA DOENÇA

Neste trabalho foram analisados, por enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) e imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), 101 soros caninos provenientes da Região Metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia, sendo 30 soros de cães com resultado parasitológico positivo para Leishmania chagasi em cultura esplênica e 71 soros de cães clinicamente sadios. Dez soros de cães com cultivo positivo e com resultados sorológicos concordantes ou não entre os testes ELISA e IFI foram testados pela técnica de Western-Blotting (WB). Das 30 amostras de soro com resultado positivo em cultura, o ELISA detectou 27 amostras positivas e o IFI mostrou resultado positivo em 12. Das 71 amostras de soro de cães clinicamente sadios, todas apresentaram resultados negativos no ELISA e uma apresentou resultado positivo no IFI. A sensibilidade e a especificidade foram de 90% e 100% para o ELISA e 40% e 98,6% para IFI, respectivamente. O índice de concordância Kappa entre os testes foi considerado moderado (0,53), e os resultados do WB apresentaram maior concordância com o ELISA. Este estudo demonstra a possibilidade de falha no teste IFI na detecção de cães infectados e discute a sua implicação no controle da doença em áreas endêmicas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cães, ELISA, IFI, Leishmania chagasi, Western-Blotting

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Search for anomalous production of events with three or more leptons in pp collisions at √s = 8TeV

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published articles title, journal citation, and DOI.A search for physics beyond the standard model in events with at least three leptons is presented. The data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5fb-1 of proton-proton collisions with center-of-mass energy s=8TeV, was collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC during 2012. The data are divided into exclusive categories based on the number of leptons and their flavor, the presence or absence of an opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pair (OSSF), the invariant mass of the OSSF pair, the presence or absence of a tagged bottom-quark jet, the number of identified hadronically decaying τ leptons, and the magnitude of the missing transverse energy and of the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta. The numbers of observed events are found to be consistent with the expected numbers from standard model processes, and limits are placed on new-physics scenarios that yield multilepton final states. In particular, scenarios that predict Higgs boson production in the context of supersymmetric decay chains are examined. We also place a 95% confidence level upper limit of 1.3% on the branching fraction for the decay of a top quark to a charm quark and a Higgs boson (t→cH), which translates to a bound on the left- and right-handed top-charm flavor-violating Higgs Yukawa couplings, λtcH and λctH, respectively, of |λtcH|2+|λctH|2<0.21

Measurement of associated W plus charm production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

Peer reviewe