Respuesta superovulatoria en vacas donantes Brahman usando ablación folicular previo a protocolos de superovulación

Objective. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of follicular ablation at the beginning of a superovulation protocol (SOP) on the superovulatory response of Brahman donor cows. Materials and methods. Twenty Brahman cows were used, randomly distributed in two groups: control group (G1, n = 10), synchronization of the follicular growth wave was performed by the combination of estrogens (2.5 mg, estradiol benzoate) and progestagens (1 gr intravaginal implant); four days after starting the SOP with porcine follicle stimulating hormone (FSHp); and the ablation group (G2, n = 10), follicular ablation was performed and one day after, the SOP treatment with FSHp was initiated. In both groups, embryo collection was performed seven days after the first artificial insemination. Results. The G2 had a higher proportion of quality 1 embryos (p<0.01) compared to G1 (68.60% vs. 31.22%), while animals of G1 group had a higher proportion of quality 2 embryos (43.04% vs. 18.60%, p<0.01). For the total of structures collected and the total of transferable embryos, no significant differences were observed (p>0.05). Conclusions. Follicular ablation increased the percentage of quality 1 embryos, suggesting that the implementation of this technique, as a strategy to synchronize the beginning of a new wave of follicular growth when using SOP, improve embryo quality in Brahman donor cows.Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de la ablación folicular en el inicio de un protocolo de superovulación (SPO) sobre la respuesta superovulatoria en vacas donantes de raza Brahman. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 20 vacas de raza Brahman, las cuales fueron distribuidas aleatoriamente en dos grupos: Grupo control (G1; n = 10), la sincronización de la onda de crecimiento folicular fue realizada mediante la combinación de estrógenos (2.5 mg, Benzoato de Estradiol) y progestágenos (1 gr, implante intravaginal); cuatro días después se inició el protocolo de SPO con la hormona folículoestimulante porcina (FSHp); y grupo ablación (G2; n = 10), se realizó la ablación folicular y un día después se inició el tratamiento de SPO con FSHp . En los dos grupos la colecta de los embriones se realizó siete días después de la primera inseminación artificial. Resultados. El G2 presentó una mayor proporción de embriones de calidad 1 (p<0.01) en comparación con el G1 (68.60%, 31.22%), mientras que los animales del grupo G1 presentaron una mayor proporción de embriones de calidad 2 (43.04%, 18.60%, p<0.01). Para las variables total de estructuras colectadas, y total de embriones transferibles, no se observaron diferencias significativas (p>0.05). Conclusiones. La ablación folicular aumentó el porcentaje de embriones de calidad 1, sugiriendo que la implementación de esta técnica, como estrategia para sincronizar el inicio de una nueva onda de crecimiento folicular en tratamientos de SPO, mejora la calidad de los embriones producidos en vacas donadoras Brahman

Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) treatment on follicular population and development in non-lactating dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long term effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on follicle population and ovulatory follicle development in non-lactating dairy cows. Twenty-one Jersey cows were allocated in rbST (n=11) or control (n=10) groups. On day -60, cows in rbST group received 500 mg of somatotropin (s.c. Lactotropin, Elanco). On day 0, control and rbST cows received an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (1.9 g, CIDR, Zoetis) and GnRH (100 mg, IM, Factrel, Zoetis). On day 8, cows received PGF2α (25 mg, IM, Lutalyse, Zoetis) and the CIDR was removed. Twelve hours after device removal (D8), serum, follicular fluid and granulosa cells samples were collected. Serum and follicular concentration of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) were analyzed. Total RNA was extracted from granulosa cells to measure gene expression of LHCGR, STAR, HSD-3B1, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, CYP17A1, IGFR and PAPPA by real time PCR. Ultrasonography was performed on days -60, -53, -46, -14, -7, 0 and 8 for antral follicle count. Results were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and t-test. There was no effect of rbST treatment on the number of follicles during the 60 days period, as well as no effect on serum and follicular fluid E2 and follicular fluid P4 at the moment of follicle aspiration. There was a reduction in PAPPA (P = 0.006), CYP11A1 (P = 0.04) and CYP19A1 (P = 0.002) mRNA levels in granulosa cells of the pre ovulatory follicle of rbST treated cows. In conclusion, a single dose of rbST did not have long term effects on antral follicle population, serum and follicular E2/P4 concentrations in non-lactating dairy cows. Despite that, rbST injection decreased granulosa cell expression of genes related to steroidogenesis in the pre-ovulatory follicle

Effect of GnRH or Estradiol Benzoate on Reproductive Traits during a Heatsynch Protocol in Dairy Cows

Background: Milk production of cows is closely correlated with its reproductive efficiency. One of the several factors influencing the dairy efficiency is the decline in fertility of the cows/heifers. Use of hormonal protocol are often used to improve the fertility of the recipients. Several programs are available to inseminate dairy cows, with variation in the use of different types of hormones, time of use and range of duration period, as well as the time of AI. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of follicular wave emergence induction of estradiol benzoate in comparison to GnRH in a Heatsynch protocol and its influence on reproductive parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study were used primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows (n = 325). Animals were divided randomly into two different treatments according with the hormone used to induce follicular wave emergence (D0). The GnRH group (n = 167), was given 25 mg, while in the EB group (n = 158) was used 2 mg. At same day, were inserted, a controlled internal drug-releasing containing 1.9 g of progesterone CIDR®. On day 7, CIDR was removed and cows were given 25 mg luteinizing hormone followed by an injection of 1 mg Inducer Ovulation at day 8. Cows were then observed for signs of estrus for at least two hours (twice daily at 7 am and 6 pm) for three days following CIDR® removal. Cows detected in estrus were inseminated 12 h later the estrus detection. Pregnancy status was determined by ultrasonography at 30 ± 5 d and 60 ± 5 d after AI. A single technician was responsible for the estrus detection and inseminations. A single technician was responsible for the estrus detection and inseminations. Ultrassonographic examinations with ultrasound, transrectal linear probe of 5 MHz, were performed for the diagnosis of pregnancy at 30 and 60 days after artificial insemination. Binomially distributed data, such as, estrous response, conception rate, pregnancy rate and pregnancy losses, were analyzed by Chi-square test. Pregnancy rates at 30-35 days and 60-65 days as well as pregnancy losses were considered in the model for the effect of parity (primiparous vs. multiparous) and the group of estrus behavior during the Heatsynch protocol. Conception rate was similar between GnRH (36.1%, 57/158) and EB (37.7%, 63/167) treatments. Cows showing estrus signs after CIDR removed were 71.9% in GnRH and 62% in EB group (P = 0.05). Embryonic losses were different (P = 0.03) according to groups of cows showing estrus signals or not.Discussion: Our results demonstrate that conception rates are not affected by using either EB or GnRH at the beginning of the Heatsynch protocol. Therefore, the EB can be an alternative choice to GnRH at Heatsynch beginning. Similar results were found by autor in dairy cows, once it was also observed that there is no difference in conception rate in two TAI protocols using either GnRH or EB. In Heatsynch protocols the increase in estrus detection are a key factor to increase fertility in lactating dairy cows. It can be explained once animals in regular estrous cycle have a palpable corpus luteum and circulating progesterone concentration higher than 1 ng/mL which leads than to enhance pregnancy ratios. The use of BE at the time of CIDR insertion in TAI protocols for dairy cattle proved to be an alternative to GnRH considering conception rates. Therefore, the use of BE at the time of CIDR insertion in a Heatsynch protocol in dairy cattle proved to be an alternative to GnRH which can be an important tool to increase the TAI utilization by farmers. Furthermore, in Heatsynch protocol cows showing estrus have pregnancy rates improved and lower pregnancy losses

Variações metabólicas e endócrinas de cachaços híbridos (Landrace x Large White) durante o primeiro ano de vida e sua relação com o estabelecimento da puberdade

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar variações em parâmetros metabólicos e endócrinos de suínos machos durante o primeiro ano de vida e sua relação com a puberdade. Foram utilizados seis suínos acompanhados, de 22 a 360 dias de idade, com pesagens corporais e coletas de sangue a cada sete dias para avaliação dos níveis séricos de glicose, insulina, colesterol, albumina, ureia, cálcio, fósforo, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutariltransferase (GGT), ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA) e testosterona. A partir do ganho de peso e níveis de testosterona foram estabelecidos três períodos: pré-puberdade (1-5 meses de idade); puberdade (6-9 meses de idade); pós-puberdade (10-12 meses de idade), em que os níveis de testosterona foram de 0,6 ± 0,1 ng/mL, 1,8 ± 0,2 ng/mL e 1,8 ± 0,2 ng/mL, respectivamente (P < 0,0001). Foi observada correlação positiva entre a testosterona e níveis de albumina, idade e peso corporal, e correlação negativa entre testosterona e os níveis de cálcio, GGT e glicose. Os níveis de glicose diminuíram ao longo do desenvolvimento (P < 0,0001), e os níveis de NEFA foram maiores em pré-púberes (P = 0,01). A enzima GGT teve diminuição dos seus níveis a partir da puberdade (P < 0,0001), e a AST teve seus menores níveis na puberdade (P = 0,0003). A albumina apresentou maiores níveis durante a puberdade (P < 0,0001) e a ureia no período pós-puberdade (P < 0,0001). Os níveis de cálcio e fósforo apresentaram menores níveis no período pós-puberdade (P<0,0001). Assim, a puberdade representa um período de flutuação nos níveis de marcadores metabólicos de suínos machos híbridos, devido ao efeito da testosterona sobre o metabolismo energético, proteico e mineral.The present study aimed to determine changes in endocrine and metabolic parameters in male pigs during the first year of life and its relation with the puberty. Six male pigs of 22 at 360 days of age were used in this study. Body weights and blood collection were performed every seven days for evaluation of serum glucose, insulin, cholesterol, albumin, urea, calcium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and testosterone. From the weight gain and testosterone levels were established three periods: prior to puberty (1-5 months old); puberty (6-9 months old); postpubertal (10-12 months old). During these periods testosterone levels were 0.6 ± 0.1 ng/mL, 1.8 ± 0.2 ng/mL and 1.8 ± 0.2 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.0001). Positive correlation was observed between testosterone levels and albumin levels, age and body weight, and a negative correlation between testosterone levels and calcium, glucose and GGT. Glucose levels decreased throughout development (P < 0.0001) whereas NEFA levels were higher in pre-pubertal (P = 0.01). The enzyme GGT levels had decreased from puberty (P < 0.0001), and AST had their lowest levels at puberty (P = 0.0003). Albumin showed higher levels during puberty (P < 0.0001). The urea values were stable until puberty, and increased post-puberty (P < 0.0001). The levels of calcium and phosphorus levels had lower post-puberty (P < 0.0001). Thus, puberty is a period of fluctuation in the levels of metabolic markers of hybrid male pigs due to the effect of testosterone on energy, protein and mineral metabolism

Current threats faced by amphibian populations in the southern cone of South America

In this work, we update and increase knowledge on the severity and extent of threats affecting 57 populations of 46 amphibian species from Chile and Argentina in southern South America. We analyzed the intrinsic conservation problems that directly impact these populations. We shared a questionnaire among specialists on threats affecting target amphibian populations with information on i) range, ii) historical occurrence and abundance, iii) population trends, iv) local extinctions, v) threats, and vi) ongoing and necessary conservation/research. We assessed association patterns between reported threats and population trends using multiple correspondence analysis. Since 2010, 25 of 57 populations have declined, while 16 experienced local extinctions. These populations were affected by 81% of the threat categories analyzed, with those related to agricultural activities and/or habitat modifications being the most frequently reported. Invasive species, emerging diseases, and activities related to grazing, ranching, or farming were the threats most associated with population declines. Low connectivity was the most frequent intrinsic conservation problem affecting 68% of the target populations, followed by low population numbers, affecting 60%. Ongoing monitoring activity was conducted in 32 (56%) populations and was the most frequent research activity. Threat mitigation was reported in 27 (47%) populations and was the most frequent ongoing management activity. We found that habitat management is ongoing in 5 (9%) populations. At least 44% of the amphibian populations surveyed in Chile and Argentina are declining. More information related to the effect of management actions to restore habitats, recover populations, and eliminate threats such as invasive species is urgently needed to reverse the conservation crisis facing amphibians in this Neotropical region.Fil: Kacoliris, Federico Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología de Vertebrados. Sección Herpetología; ArgentinaFil: Berkunsky, Igor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable; ArgentinaFil: Acosta, Juan Carlos. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Acosta, Rodrigo. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Agostini, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Akmentins, Mauricio Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Arellano, María Luz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología de Vertebrados. Sección Herpetología; ArgentinaFil: Azat, Claudio. Universidad Andrés Bello; ChileFil: Bach, Nadia Carla. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Blanco, Mirta Blanco. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Calvo, Rodrigo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología de Vertebrados. Sección Herpetología; ArgentinaFil: Charrier, Andres. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Corbalán, Valeria Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Correa, Claudio. Universidad de Concepción. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanografía. Departamento de Zoología; ChileFil: Cuello, Maria Elena. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Deutsch, Camila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Di Pietro, Diego Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología de Vertebrados. Sección Herpetología; ArgentinaFil: Gastón, María Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Gomez Alez, Rodrigo. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Kaas, Camila. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología de Vertebrados. Sección Herpetología; ArgentinaFil: Kaas, Nicolas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología de Vertebrados. Sección Herpetología; ArgentinaFil: Lobos, Gabriel. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Martínez, Tomás Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Aguirre, Tomás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología de Vertebrados. Sección Herpetología; ArgentinaFil: Mora, Marta. Vida Nativa NGO; ChileFil: Nieva Cocilio, Rodrigo Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Pastore, Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Administración de Parques Nacionales; ArgentinaFil: Pérez Iglesias, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Química de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Química de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Piaggio Kokot, Lia Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Rabanal, Felipe. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Rodríguez Muñoz, Melina Jesús. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Sanchez, Laura Cecilia. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Tala, Charif. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de Chile; ChileFil: Ubeda, Carmen Adria. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Vaira, Marcos. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Velasco, Melina Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología de Vertebrados. Sección Herpetología; ArgentinaFil: Vidal, Marcela. Universidad del Bio Bio. Facultad de Ciencias. Departamento de Ciencias Basicas; ChileFil: Williams, Jorge Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología de Vertebrados. Sección Herpetología; Argentin

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis