Temperature correction of radiometric and geometric models for an uncooled CCD camera in the near infrared

International audienceThis paper presents radiometric and geometric models for both temperature and displacement noncontact measurements using an uncooled charge-coupled device (CCD) video camera. Such techniques (''one sensor-two measures'') represent an interest in many industrial low cost applications and scientific domains. To benefit from both measurements, we have to use the camera's spectral response in the near infrared spectral band from 0.75 to 1.1 mum. In this spectral band, the temperature variations of an uncooled CCD camera are taken into account in the radiometric and geometric models. By using physical models for CCD camera, we quantify detector's quantum efficiency, sensor noise and spatial resolution as a function of the wavelength and of the detector temperature. These models are confirmed by experimental results of calibration with a low cost uncooled camera based on a Sony detector and operating over the detector temperature range of -30 to -50degrees

Feasibility of luminescent multilayer sol-gel thermal barrier coating manufacturing for future applications in through-thickness temperature gradient sensing

This paper investigates the feasibility of manufacturing sol-gel multilayer thermal barrier coatings (TBC) functionalized with different lanthanide ions Ln3 + having distinct photo-luminescence emission wavelengths (Ln = Sm, Eu, Dy, Er, Tm) for future applications in temperature gradient sensing. Ln3 + doped 9.75 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) powders were produced to study the effect of activator concentration on luminescence intensity and host matrix crystal structure. Self-quenching was found to limit the maximum signal-to-noise ratio achievable with Sm3 +, Dy3 +, Er3 + and Tm3 + activators, which was not the case for Eu3 + in the 1–10 mol% range. The increase in activator was found to affect the crystal structure of YSZ. A solution was proposed that suppressed this effect while significantly increasing the luminescence intensity of all activators. Finally a TBC sensor prototype integrating Eu3 +, Er3 + and Dy3 + doped layers distributed throughout the thickness was successfully deposited by a dip-coating sol-gel process and showed promising through-thickness luminescence sensing capabilities

Apparent Interfacial Toughness of Undoped and Photoluminescent Eu3+-Doped Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings

Most photoluminescence methods for the diagnostic of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) rely on the functionalization of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with trivalent lanthanide ions. It consists in determining temperature and detecting preventively damages within the volume of the TBC prior to ceramic topcoat spallation. The latter depends on the interfacial toughness, which is an important factor to address thermal barrier coating’s performance and durability. In this paper, the influence of the addition of rare earth elements (Eu3+) on the interfacial toughness of TBC deposited by atmospheric plasma spray is investigated. Two types of coatings are deposited and investigated: (1) Type I: coating deposited using Eu3+-doped YSZ powder (2 mol.%), (2) Type II: coating deposited using undoped YSZ powder. Both types of coatings are heat-treated at 1100 °C under isothermal conditions using different oxidation exposure times: 100, 300 and 800 h. The morphology of the interface between the topcoat (TBC) and the bond coat is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The apparent interfacial toughness is investigated using indentation. It is shown that the interfacial apparent toughness decreases as the oxidation exposure time increases. Concomitantly, the thickness of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer between the bond coat and the topcoat increases. Results show as well that the partial substitution of Y3+ ions by a low amount of Eu3+ ions (2 mol.%) does not have influence on the microstructure and the interfacial toughness of the YSZ coatings. In addition, energy dispersive spectrometry reveals that there is no diffusion of Eu3+ into the TGO layer. It is therefore concluded that the use of Eu3+ for damage diagnostic based on photoluminescence methods will not induce any kind of degradation of the properties of TBCs

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ∼ 1.7 {{s}} with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of {40}-8+8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 {M}ȯ . An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ∼ 40 {{Mpc}}) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ∼10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ∼ 9 and ∼ 16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta.</p

Surveillance de scènes dynamiques avec une caméra CCD dans le proche infrarouge (application à la détection couplée de feu et de déplacements d'objets)

La surveillance de scènes dynamiques est généralement abordée selon deux axes : la protection des biens et des personnes (surveillance de déplacements d'objets) et la protection incendie (surveillance feu). Même si ces deux domaines d'application présentent des thématiques communes, ils sont généralement traités séparément en raison de l'exploitation de deux phénomènes à partir d'une approche mono-technologie : une caméra noir et blanc courante, non stabilisée en température et exploite e dans le domaine spectral proche infrarouge. De plus, ces phénomènes sont à surveiller dans une scènes d'intérieur soumise à des fluctuations notables de la température ambiante (cas d'applications aéronautiques et spatiales). Notre contribution principale concerne la détection et la mesure couplée de phénomènes dimensionnels (déplacements d'objets) et thermiques (points chauds et flammes) à des température inférieures à 1000C avec une caméra CCD non stabilisée en température. Pour cela, nous avons pris en compte la température de dérive du détecteur dans le modèle sténopé, utilisé pour la mesure de déplacement, et dans le modèle radiométrique, nécessaire pour relier l'intensité de l'image à la température du phénomène. A partir de cette mesure couplée de température et de déplacements, nous avons ensuite développé une méthode d'estimation robuste afin de prévenir au plus tôt l'apparition d'anomalies dans la scène. L'originalité de la méthode proposée est un mécanisme de détection de changements abrupts et sporadiques dans l'évolution des phénomènes régie par différents modèles non linéaires. Les résultats de cette thèse ont été validés dans une application de surveillance de soutes d'avion, première expérience embarquée de détection des feux et de déplacements de charges. La validation selon des normes internationales en application dans le transport aérien fait du dispositif développé un système de détection générique exploitable dans d'autres applications.TOULOUSE-ENSEEIHT (315552331) / SudocALBI-ENSTIMAC (810042301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Effect and correction of the shift in spectral images for polychromatic thermography

International audienceThis articles investigates the temperature errors due to chromatic aberration in multiwavelength thermography methods. The Chromatic aberration leads to a shift in the perspective projection of a point in the 3D space on the image formed at different wavelengths. This shift causes an error in the temperature field calculated by polychromatic methods, from the fusion for each pixel of radiance temperature images at different wavelengths. The temperature error can reach 40% on a sample with high spatial non uniformities, due to wide variations of emissivity. This paper suggests an approach to correcting the chromatic aberration that is based not on equipment but on software, coupled with a calibration, using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). This experimental technique is a 2D optical method used in mechanical engineering, for inferring a deformation of a plane structure's surface from a displacement field calculated by correlation between pixels of two successive images. This paper applies the technique to achieve the field displacement induced between two images at two wavelengths by chromatic aberration. After applying this correcting displacement field, the temperature error decreases from 40% to 1% for the pixels located at the boundary of two areas with different emissivities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved

Noise effect on the interpolation equation for near infrared thermography

International audienceThis paper investigates the performance of interpolation equations for a near infrared thermal imager operating over wavelengths from 0.9 mu m to 1.7 mu m with various filter bandwidths and a broad temperature range from 300 degrees C to 1000 degrees C. The equations are based on a general formulation of the effective wavelength as a function of the temperature. The quality of the interpolation is assessed in relation to the order of the effective wavelength. However, the noise induced by the imperfections of the thermal imager significantly disturbs the signal, and this phenomenon is enhanced as the bandwidth of the filter increases (i.e. for low-temperature applications). The main purpose of this paper is to establish the right choice of the filter bandwidth and the expression and order of the interpolation equation in relation to the noise level on the thermal imager and the desired accuracy. This paper first outlines the background on interpolation equations and then tests them on synthetic data from signals delivered first by an ideal thermal imager (i.e. free from noise) and then from noisy signals. This simulation study provides a framework for users to select an interpolation equation with an adequate order for near infrared thermal imagers. The performances of the selected interpolation equations are finally demonstrated on real images performed by a near infrared thermal imager

Trichromatic thermoreflectometry for an improved accuracy of true temperature field measurement on a multi-material part

International audienceThis article addresses the problem of measuring an accurate temperature field on a multi-material part which exhibits spatial, temporal, spectral and thermal emissivity variations. The article analyses the contribution of trichromatic thermoreflectometry method compared to bichromatic thermoreflectometry method. Thermoreflectometry, an active thermography method, measures in-situ the emissivity, together with the temperature. The emissivity is measured indirectly by measuring the bidirectional reflectivity of the sample and by estimating its diffusion function. The bichromatic thermoreflectometry assumes an independent diffusion function with wavelength. For trichromatic thermoreflectometry, the diffusion function varies linearly with the wavelength. This article demonstrates the benefit of trichromatic thermoreflectometry on both simulated and experimental data. The simulated data come from measurements of emissivity and diffusion function of six different materials (metallic and dielectric) performed with a FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) spectrometer. The addition of noise on these estimated values enables the propagation of uncertainties, which shows that the bias on temperature estimation is lower with trichromatic thermoreflectometry. Finally, an experimental demonstration on three of the six materials confirms a lower temperature measurement error (difference between the measured temperature and a reference temperature) with trichromatic thermoreflectometry

Mesure de champs de températures vraies par thermo-réflectométrie proche infrarouge

La mesure de champs de température sans contact est un paramètre clé pour l'optimisation et le contrôle des procédés. Les systèmes actuels présentent des limitations, particulièrement sur des surfaces hétérogènes et/ou dans des conditions dynamiques pouvant entraîner une altération de la surface. Ces restrictions sont causées par la méconnaissance de l'émissivité de la surface qui est une fonction complexe de nombreuses grandeurs physiques (température, longueur d'onde, rugosité, direction de détection). La thèse présentée propose le développement complet d'une nouvelle méthode de mesure de champs de température vraie, dénommée THERMOREFLECTOMETRIE, applicable sur tout type de matériaux opaques, dans la gamme [300-1000]C. Elle permet la mesure en ligne de l'émissivité par le couplage d'une étape classique de THERMOGRAPHIE avec une étape de REFLECTOMETRIE laser. La démarche adoptée consiste premièrement en l'analyse critique de la méthode et de ses facteurs d'influence, ainsi que du dimensionnement optimal des éléments par des études en simulations. Ensuite un prototype opérationnel est mis en oeuvre et ses défauts sont caractérisés, du point de vue d'un système de type CAMERA, et les corrections nécessaires sont mises en place. Enfin, les performances expérimentales sont évaluées sur des scènes thermiques complexes et hétérogènes qui mettent en évidence la bonne précision du prototype pour tous les échantillons testésTrue temperature field measurement is a key parameter for the optimization and the control of industrial processes. Current systems present limitations, especially on heterogeneous surfaces and/or in dynamical conditions involving the surface's variation. These restrictions are due to the ignorance of the surface's emissivity, which is a complex function of many physical quantities (temperature, wavelength, roughness, direction of detection). This thesis presents the complete development of a new method of true temperature field measurement, called Thermoreflectometry, applicable on any kind of opaque material, in the range [300-1000]C. It allows the on-line measurement of emissivity by mixing a step of classical THERMOGRAPHY with a step of laser REFLECTOMETRY. The approach of this work is, first, the critical analysis of the method and its influence quantities, and then the optimal dimensionment of the components by simulation studies. Thirdly, a prototype is built and its defaults are characterized, following a CAMERA-based point of view, and the possible corrections are implemented. Finally, the experimental performances are estimated on some complex heterogeneous thermal scenes which emphasize the prototype's precision for all the tested samplesTOULOUSE-INSA-Bib. electronique (315559905) / SudocSudocFranceF