18 research outputs found
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Automated synthesis of analog to digital conversion
This thesis describes circuit architectures and techniques that facilitate the
automatic synthesis and fabrication of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Since
automated synthesis already exists for digital circuits and is part of the digital
circuit design flow, this work demonstrates the feasibility of ADC synthesis with
little or no modification to presently existing software tools. In the end, it is
demonstrated that an ADC can be implemented from synthesizable Verilog code,
making it highly portable from one process technology to another. Moreover,
by demonstrating how to use existing standard digital gates to generate analog
functions (e.g. an analog comparator), the physical implementation of an ADC
can be as automatic and straightforward as a standard digital circuit
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Digitally Synthesized Stochastic Flash ADC Using Only Standard Digital Cells
It is demonstrated in this paper that it is possible
to synthesize a stochastic flash ADC entirely from Verilog code
and a standard digital library. An analog comparator is introduced
that is constructed from two cross-coupled 3-input digital
NAND gates, and can be described in Verilog. The synthesized
comparators have random, Gaussian offsets that are used as
virtual voltage references to make a flash ADC. A piecewise-linear
inverse Gaussian CDF function is used to correct the nonlinearity
introduced by the Gaussian offset distribution. The prototype IC
is fabricated in 90nm CMOS and implements a 2047-comparator
version of the proposed architecture. All components including
the comparators, the ones adder, and the piecewise inverse
Gaussian function are all implemented in Verilog. Conventional
digital synthesis and place-and-route is then used to generate
the physical layout, making this the first fully synthesized ADC.
SNDR of 35.9dB (without calibration) is achieved at 210MSPS
from the Verilog synthesized design.This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and can be found at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=8919]. Β©201X IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.Keywords: Circuit synthesis, Analog-digital conversion, Stochastic system
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A Multiplexer-Based Digital Passive Linear Counter (PLINCO)
A ones adder is an important circuit block that is required in many varying applications. This work proposes a design that largely relies on passive transmission-gate multiplexers. Many variations are suggested that can inherently generate a thermometer coded output or one-hot encoded output. The proposed structure has area and power that increases with order nΒ² for a n number of inputs. A folding technique is then suggested that reduces the area/power to order n log(n). The folded PLINCO also has a cell-based structure that aids in layout and makes it possible to be added to a digital standard cell library.Keywords: digital circuits, thermometer code, low power, ones adderKeywords: digital circuits, thermometer code, low power, ones adde
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Ring Amplifiers for Switched Capacitor Circuits
In this paper the fundamental concept of ring
amplification is introduced and explored. Ring amplifiers enable
efficient amplification in scaled environments, and possess the
benefits of efficient slew-based charging, rapid stabilization,
compression-immunity (inherent rail-to-rail output swing),
and performance that scales with process technology. A basic
operational theory is established, and the core benefits of this
technique are identified. Measured results from two separate
ring amplifier based pipelined ADCs are presented. The first
prototype IC, a simple 10.5-bit, 61.5dB SNDR pipelined ADC
which uses only ring amplifiers, is used to demonstrate the core
benefits. The second fabricated IC presented is a high-resolution
pipelined ADC which employs the technique of Split-CLS
to perform efficient, accurate amplification aided by ring
amplifiers. The 15-bit ADC is implemented in a 0.18 ΞΌm CMOS
technology and achieves 76.8 dB SNDR and 95.4 dB SFDR
at 20 Msps while consuming 5.1 mW, achieving a FoM of
45 fJ/conversion-step.Keywords: correlated level shifting,
analog to digital conversion,
analog to digital converter,
slew-based,
RAMP,
rail-to-rail,
ring amplification,
ADC,
CLS,
ringamp,
A/D,
low power,
ring amp,
scaling,
Split-CLS,
ring amplifier,
high resolution,
switched-capacitor,
scalability,
stabilized ring oscillator,
nanoscale CMOSThis is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and can be found at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=4. Β©2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works
Toxin-Based Therapeutic Approaches
Protein toxins confer a defense against predation/grazing or a superior pathogenic competence upon the producing organism. Such toxins have been perfected through evolution in poisonous animals/plants and pathogenic bacteria. Over the past five decades, a lot of effort has been invested in studying their mechanism of action, the way they contribute to pathogenicity and in the development of antidotes that neutralize their action. In parallel, many research groups turned to explore the pharmaceutical potential of such toxins when they are used to efficiently impair essential cellular processes and/or damage the integrity of their target cells. The following review summarizes major advances in the field of toxin based therapeutics and offers a comprehensive description of the mode of action of each applied toxin