Diseño de un dispositivo de transferencia de calor a un sistema hidráulico doméstico

El mayor costo asociado al calentamiento de agua es el uso ineficiente del combustible. Es necesario diseñar y crear nuevas tecnologías que permitan abatir los costos del uso de combustibles fósiles ya que este tipo de dispositivo calentador de agua y su instalación requieren de una sola instalación y mantenimiento menor durante un lapso de tiempo mayor, mientras que con el combustible requiere de un gasto mensual y costo de mantenimiento más frecuente. Por tanto, es de suma importancia el poder ahorrar energía y agua, que son de suma importancia para la calidad de vida deseada. Como principal objetivo se tiene el promover el uso eficiente de estos recursos a través de la creación de un dispositivo ahorrador, aumentando la eficiencia en un porcentaje mayor al 80% de manera general. El diseño principal que tratará este trabajo es el de un calentador de agua, este dispositivo requiere de energía para elevar la temperatura del agua hasta donde el agua siga siendo utilizable comúnmente. Entre los usos domésticos y comerciales del agua caliente están la limpieza, las duchas, para cocinar o la calefacción.The biggest cost associated with heating of water is the inefficient use of fuel. It is necessary to design and create new technologies to reduce the costs of fossil fuels such as water heater device and its installation require one installation and less maintenance for a period of time longer, while the fuel required a monthly expense and cost of more frequent maintenance. It is therefore of utmost importance to save energy and water, which are critical to the quality of life desired. As the main objective is to promote the efficient use of these resources through the creation of a saving device, increasing efficiency in a percentage higher than 80% in general. The main design try this work is that of a water heater, this device requires energy to raise the temperature of the water to where the water remains usable commonly. Among domestic and commercial uses of hot water they are clean, showers, cooking or heating

Análisis mediante dinámica de fluidos computacional del flujo de aire que pasa por una tobera convergente-divergente

Se ha estudiado el flujo de gas en un grupo de toberas cilíndricas con placa de orificio con variaciones en tres dimensiones críticas para generar diferentes geometrías. Algunas con la misma relación de diámetros de entrada y de garganta, pero otras variando la longitud de esta última. La razón de este estudio consiste en analizar el efecto que tiene el conducto por el que viaja el aire en la dinámica del gas durante inyección para un sistema monofásico. Este análisis se realiza mediante Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional (DFC), que es una herramienta importante en el diseño de elementos de Ingeniería. Los resultados de la simulación estarán en función de los patrones de flujo y campos de velocidad. Cada variación geométrica tendrá una morfología característica del jet en relación a dichos cambios y así se puede establecer una afinidad entre todas las variables involucradas. Se encontró que la relación de diámetros y longitud de garganta de la placa de orificio tiene un efecto significativo en la cantidad de energía que se transfiere a la salida del flujo. Aunque no se modifica la forma característica del jet se puede concluir que la morfología del jet es característica propia de la tobera con la forma geométrica de la placa de orificio y no de las condiciones de flujo.It has been studied a group of cylindrical nozzles with orifice plate which has variations in dimensions in order to generate different geometries. Some of them has the same entrance and throat diameters ratio, but also, they have a variation of throat length. The reason for this study is to analyze the effect of the duct geometry in the morphology of the jet when the air flow is passing through the nozzle. The analysis it is made by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), which is a very useful tool in engineering elements design. Numerical Simulation results will be in function of the flow patterns and velocity fields obtained. Each geometrical variation in the nozzle will have its own characteristic jet morphology, which would be in function of all the variations involved. It has found that diameter ratio and throat length will have an important effect in the amount of energy that it is given to the air at the outflow. The analysis shown that even when the primary form of the jet does not suffer a bigger modification in shape, so this morphology is a product of the duct geometry and not of the flow conditions

Serologic evidence of west nile virus infection in birds, Tamaulipas State, México

Following the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into North America in 1999, surveillance for WNV in migratory and resident birds was established in Tamaulipas State, northern México in December 2001. Overall, 796 birds representing 70 species and 10 orders were captured and assayed for antibodies to WNV. Nine birds had flavivirus-specific antibodies by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; four were confirmed to have antibody to WNV by plaque reduction neutralization test. The WNV-infected birds were a house wren, mourning dove, verdin and Bewick's wren. The house wren is a migratory species; the other WNV-infected birds are presumably residents. The WNV-infected birds were all captured in March 2003. These data provide the first indirect evidence of WNV transmission among birds in northern México

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y relación con el control metabólico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal crónico con hemodiálisis en Bogotá, ColombiaAmputación de extremidades inferiores: ¿están aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en jóvenes universitariosCómo crecen niños normales de 2 años que son sobrepeso a los 7 añosDiagnóstico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Región MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervención con ejercicio físico, en niños con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con síndrome metabólico e IMC < 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiología de las muertes hospitalarias por patologías relacionadas a muerte encefálica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4º medio de la Región de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluación del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de TarapacáImplicancias psicosociales en la génesis, evolución y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducción de nuevas TIC y mejoría de la asistencia a un programa de saludNiños obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Río de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicación en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en población preescolar y su relación con malnutrición por excesoPrevalencia de retinopatía diabética en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacológica antihipertensiva en población mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biológico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad pública del estado de São Paul

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Implementación del Balanced Scorecard en la gerencia de operaciones del Fondo Nacional de la Actividad Empresarial del Estado

El presente caso de estudio está vinculado con la aplicación del Balanced Scorecard como herramientas de Gestión en una empresa estatal de régimen privado: Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento de la Actividad Empresarial del Estado - FONAFE. FONAFE es una empresa dedicada a ejercer la titularidad de las acciones representativas del capital social de todas las empresas en las que participa el Estado y administrar los recursos provenientes de dicha titularidad, cuya estructura empresarial está compuesta por un Directorio y un cuerpo de ejecutivos de alto nivel establecido por el gobierno. EL Balanced Scorecard es una herramienta de gestión enfocada a la alineación, control y seguimiento de las diversas áreas de la organización hacia el plan estratégico del mismo, y buscamos demostrar que utilizando el Balanced Scorecard podemos obtener buenos resultados en la consecución de los objetivos trazados. Para el desarrollo del trabajo revisamos la información que se halla a disposición en el portal web de la institución y de personal que labora en el área de operaciones. Queremos contribuir además con nuestra propuesta a un despliegue hacia todas las gerencias de FONAFE del Balanced Scorecard ya establecido por la empresa con la cual se logrará una coherencia en los objetivos establecidos. Finalmente, consideramos que esta herramienta puede ser aplicada a todas las empresas del Holding y adaptarse a instituciones de otros rubros. Para ello es necesario el involucramiento desde el más alto nivel de la organización y orientar el esfuerzo con la conformación de equipos de trabajo, alineados a la estrategia y los objetivos de la organización; de lo contrario puede conducir al fracaso

Inactivation of Bacterial Spores and Vegetative Bacterial Cells by Interaction with ZnO-Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticles and UV Radiation

ZnO-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (ZnO-Fe NPs) were synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The generation of chemical reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) was measured spectrophotometrically (UV-Vis) by monitoring of p-nitrosodimethylaniline (pNDA) bleaching. Inactivation of E. coli and B. subtilis spores in the presence of different concentrations of ZnO-Fe NPs, under UV365nm or visible radiation, was evaluated. We observed the best results under visible light, of which inactivation of E. coli of about 90% was accomplished in 30 minutes, while B. subtilis inactivation close to 90% was achieved in 120 minutes. These results indicate that the prepared photocatalytic systems are promising for improving water quality by reducing the viability of water-borne microorganisms, including bacterial spores

ENFOQUES EPISTEMOLOGICOS DESDE LAS ARTES Y LOS ESTUDIOS VISUALES

Libro de colaboración entre cuerpos académicos integrantes de la Red de Colaboración Académica en Estudios Visuales de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, de la Universidad de Guanajuato y de la Universidad Autónoma de Hidalgo. Finalidad contribuir desde la académica al desarrollo y fortalecimiento de la epistemología en estudios visuales, como nuevas rutas para la generación de conocimiento