De la vulgarisation à la culture scientifique et technique

La place éminente de et technique la science dans les sociétés modernes n’a pas été immédiatement prise en compte dans la démocratisation de la culture. En un pays de tradition humaniste, cette situation de porte-à- faux demandait à être résolue. Comment intégrer la science à la culture et l’offrir en partage ? La vulgarisation est au coeur de ces enjeux

Vascular Dynamics of Cerebral Gliomas Investigated with Selective Catheter Angiography, Perfusion CT and MRI

Purpose:: To assess if intratumoral blood circulation parameters from dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI and dynamic CT deliver comparable results and to compare tumor-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) with arterial, intratumoral, and venous transition detected with digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Patients and Methods:: Ten patients with cerebral gliomas were prospectively studied with DSC-MRI, dynamic CT and DSA. Tumor areas were segmented and perfusion maps for rCBF, rCBV, and mean transit time (MTT) were computed from DSC-MRI and dynamic CT. Arterial circulation time (ACT), intermediate circulation time (ICT), and venous appearance time (VAT) were measured with DSA. Asymmetry indices (AIs) were calculated for MRI- and CT-based perfusion values, for ICT and VAT and compared among each other. Results:: DSC-MRI and dynamic CT yielded comparable AI values for rCBF (MRI: 39.5 ± 20.4, CT: 36.0 ± 17.9, Pearson's correlation r2 = 0.91) and rCBV (MRI: 44.6 ± 20.9 vs. CT: 40.9 ± 16.3, r2 = 0.84). The MTT AI (MRI: -4.7 ± 11.2 vs. CT: -0.5 ± 10.4, r2 = 0.47) showed only a weak correlation. ICT correlated with rCBV (ICT: 38.4 ± 14.7, r2 = 0.59, and dynamic CT: r2 = 0.81) and VAT with rCBF (VAT: 31.7 ± 17.6, r2 = 0.73, and dynamic CT: r2 = 0.87), but not with MTT. Conclusion:: CT and MRI methods provide consistent information about tumor vascularity of cerebral gliomas in accordance with DS

Uma coleção de história em um museu de ciências naturais: o Museu Paulista de Hermann von Ihering

Instalado em um edifício-Monumento, data de 1895 a inauguração do Museu Paulista. Seu primeiro diretor, o zoólogo Hermann Von Ihering (1895-1916), teve a tarefa de organizar suas vastas coleções, as quais possuíam objetos de diversos ramos do conhecimento, entre eles, a História. Este artigo tem a intenção de entender a dimensão, dinâmica e concepção desta coleção de História, que recebeu pouca atenção da Historiografia relativa ao tema.The Museu Paulista, installed in a landmark building, was inaugurated in 1895. Its first director, the zoologist Herman von Ihering (1895-1916) undertook the assignment of organizing its extensive collections, which comprehended objects pertaining to varied fields of knowledge, including that of History. The present article aims at understanding the dimension, the dynamics and the conception of this historical collection. Until now little attention has been bestowed upon this subject matter by the specialized historiography

De uma "cientificidade difusa": o coronel e as práticas colecionistas do Museu Sertório na São Paulo em fins do século XIX

This article intends to examine the collecting practices of the private collection known as Museu Sertório, which became Museu Paulista's first main collection. For that, a brief biography of Colonel Joaquim Sertório, the owner of the Museum, will be presented, as well as aspects of the collections' organization, in order to reflect on Sertório's supposed dilettantism in scientific fields, since the museum was associated with an educational project of the period. A parallel between Museu Sertório and the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaelogy, of Oxford University, will also be made, in order to better understand its insertion in nineteenth-century São Paulo.Este artigo pretende examinar as práticas colecionistas realizadas em torno do Museu Sertório, uma coleção particular que veio a constituir o primeiro núcleo do acervo do Museu Paulista. Para tanto, serão apresentados alguns dados biográficos inéditos sobre o proprietário do Museu, o coronel Joaquim Sertório, bem como aspectos da organização das coleções, buscando, assim, refletir sobre o suposto amadorismo de Sertório no campo das ciências, uma vez que a abertura do acervo à visitação pública estava associada à intenção de vincular o museu a fins educativos. Procura-se, igualmente, traçar um paralelo entre a trajetória do Museu Sertório com a do Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaelogy da Universidade de Oxford, Inglaterra, a fim de melhor compreender a sua inserção na São Paulo de fins do século XIX

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Measurement of jet-substructure observables in top quark, W boson and light jet production in proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A measurement of jet substructure observables is presented using data collected in 2016 by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC with proton-proton collisions at s√ = 13 TeV. Large-radius jets groomed with the trimming and soft-drop algorithms are studied. Dedicated event selections are used to study jets produced by light quarks or gluons, and hadronically decaying top quarks and W bosons. The observables measured are sensitive to substructure, and therefore are typically used for tagging large-radius jets from boosted massive particles. These include the energy correlation functions and the N-subjettiness variables. The number of subjets and the Les Houches angularity are also considered. The distributions of the substructure variables, corrected for detector effects, are compared to the predictions of various Monte Carlo event generators. They are also compared between the large-radius jets originating from light quarks or gluons, and hadronically decaying top quarks and W bosons

La révolution néolithique et les mythologies de la faute

J’aimerais prendre pour point de départ cette idée désormais classique selon laquelle l’un des traits centraux de la philosophie « moderne » occidentale est que l’homme est, en droit, « maître et possesseur de la nature ». C’est une organisation des êtres, une ontologie, qui accorde à notre espèce un statut qui la met à part du reste du vivant, un statut d’hégémonie de droit fondé sur l’idée que la différence qui sépare l’humain des autres animaux n’est pas de même nature que les différences ..