History of the Mossad

U ovom radu prikazana je cjelokupna povijest Mossada ili bar onih najbitnijih događaja koji su oblikovali njenu povijest. Rad počinje sa pregledom najvažnijih događaja povijesti suvremenog Izraela u rasponu od početka prve Aliyah na samom kraju 19. stoljeća do operacije Protective Edge 2014. godine. Nastavlja se poglavljima o ustrojstvu Mossada, regrutaciji novih agenta te poglavlju o drugim službama poput Amana i Shabaka sa kojima su surađivali. Dalje postavljen je kratak pregled povijesti Mossada počevši od prvog direktora Reuvena Shilolaha 1949. godine do sadašnjega Yosefa Meira Cohena koji je preuzima vodstvo 2016. godine. Slijedeća dva poglavlja daju uvid u život i djelovanje jednog mossadovog agenta, kroz oči najpoznatijih agenta i agentica. Nastavljamo sa poglavljem o lovu nacističkih bjegunca Eichmanna, Cukursa i Mengelea. Lov na Eichmanna detaljno prikazuje način na djelovanja Mossada kada je u pitanju zadatak otmice. Slijedeće poglavlje prikazuje najvažnije operacije u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća. To su operacije poput otimanja zrakoplova MiG-21 u šezdesetima, nabave tajnog partijskog govora Nikite Khrushcheva, razna ubojstva vezana uz palestinske teroriste, sprječavanja saddamovog pokušaja nuklearnog naoružavanja i ubojstva znanstvenika poput Geralda Bulla. U zadnjem poglavlju prikazana je suradnja sa SAD-om oko sprječavanja sirijskog pokušaja nuklearnog naoružavanja na početku 21. stoljeća. Također detaljno je prikazano djelovanje jednog mossadovog teama kada je u pitanju zadatak ubojstva jednog od vođe i krijumčara oružja Hamasa.This paper represents the entire history of Mossad or at least the most important events that shaped its history. Work begins with an overview of the most important events in the history of contemporary Israel, ranging from the beginning of the first Aliyah at the end of the 19th century to the Protective Edge operation in 2014. The next chapters describe the organization of Mossad, the process of recruiting new agents and a chapter about other intelligence agencies in Israel such as Aman and Shabak. Cooperating with those was in some cases vital to the success of the operation. Next is a brief overview of the history of the Mossad seen through their directors, starting with Reuven Shilolah, the first director in 1949, to the current Yosef Meir Cohen, who took over the position in 2016. The next two chapters give an insight into the life and performance of a Mossad agent through the eyes of the most famous male and female agents. We continue with the chapter on the Nazi Hunt regarding fugitives as Eichmann, Cukurs and Mengele. The Hunt of Eichmann shows in detail the way Mossad operates when it comes to the task of kidnapping an individual. The next chapter shows the most important operations in the second half of the 20th century, operations such as the hijack of the MiG-21 aircraft in the 1960s, the acquisition of the secret speech of Nikita Khrushchev, various murders of Palestinian terrorist, the suppression of Saddam's attempt to obtain nuclear weapons and the killing of scientists like Gerald Bull. In the last chapter, we can see an example of co-operation with the United States, in this case the stopping of Al-Assad’s attempt to build nuclear weaponry at the beginning of the 21st century. Also there is a detailed example of how Mossad operates when it comes to the task of killing one of the Hamas leaders and weapon smugglers

History of the Mossad

U ovom radu prikazana je cjelokupna povijest Mossada ili bar onih najbitnijih događaja koji su oblikovali njenu povijest. Rad počinje sa pregledom najvažnijih događaja povijesti suvremenog Izraela u rasponu od početka prve Aliyah na samom kraju 19. stoljeća do operacije Protective Edge 2014. godine. Nastavlja se poglavljima o ustrojstvu Mossada, regrutaciji novih agenta te poglavlju o drugim službama poput Amana i Shabaka sa kojima su surađivali. Dalje postavljen je kratak pregled povijesti Mossada počevši od prvog direktora Reuvena Shilolaha 1949. godine do sadašnjega Yosefa Meira Cohena koji je preuzima vodstvo 2016. godine. Slijedeća dva poglavlja daju uvid u život i djelovanje jednog mossadovog agenta, kroz oči najpoznatijih agenta i agentica. Nastavljamo sa poglavljem o lovu nacističkih bjegunca Eichmanna, Cukursa i Mengelea. Lov na Eichmanna detaljno prikazuje način na djelovanja Mossada kada je u pitanju zadatak otmice. Slijedeće poglavlje prikazuje najvažnije operacije u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća. To su operacije poput otimanja zrakoplova MiG-21 u šezdesetima, nabave tajnog partijskog govora Nikite Khrushcheva, razna ubojstva vezana uz palestinske teroriste, sprječavanja saddamovog pokušaja nuklearnog naoružavanja i ubojstva znanstvenika poput Geralda Bulla. U zadnjem poglavlju prikazana je suradnja sa SAD-om oko sprječavanja sirijskog pokušaja nuklearnog naoružavanja na početku 21. stoljeća. Također detaljno je prikazano djelovanje jednog mossadovog teama kada je u pitanju zadatak ubojstva jednog od vođe i krijumčara oružja Hamasa.This paper represents the entire history of Mossad or at least the most important events that shaped its history. Work begins with an overview of the most important events in the history of contemporary Israel, ranging from the beginning of the first Aliyah at the end of the 19th century to the Protective Edge operation in 2014. The next chapters describe the organization of Mossad, the process of recruiting new agents and a chapter about other intelligence agencies in Israel such as Aman and Shabak. Cooperating with those was in some cases vital to the success of the operation. Next is a brief overview of the history of the Mossad seen through their directors, starting with Reuven Shilolah, the first director in 1949, to the current Yosef Meir Cohen, who took over the position in 2016. The next two chapters give an insight into the life and performance of a Mossad agent through the eyes of the most famous male and female agents. We continue with the chapter on the Nazi Hunt regarding fugitives as Eichmann, Cukurs and Mengele. The Hunt of Eichmann shows in detail the way Mossad operates when it comes to the task of kidnapping an individual. The next chapter shows the most important operations in the second half of the 20th century, operations such as the hijack of the MiG-21 aircraft in the 1960s, the acquisition of the secret speech of Nikita Khrushchev, various murders of Palestinian terrorist, the suppression of Saddam's attempt to obtain nuclear weapons and the killing of scientists like Gerald Bull. In the last chapter, we can see an example of co-operation with the United States, in this case the stopping of Al-Assad’s attempt to build nuclear weaponry at the beginning of the 21st century. Also there is a detailed example of how Mossad operates when it comes to the task of killing one of the Hamas leaders and weapon smugglers

FILOSOFIA NO ENSINO MÉDIO: REFLEXÕES SOBRE A PRÁTICA DOCENTE

Este trabalho tem por finalidade pensar questões pertinentes sobre a Filosofia a sua natureza e a sua relação com a sociedade. Os desafios enfrentados pelos docentes para adequar, transformar a filosofia em uma disciplina do currículo escolar do ensino médio e as implicações decorrentes dessa condição de uma disciplina a ser ensinada. Tal condição nos leva a questionar qual é o papel da filosofia nesse contexto, assim como o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de ensino que consiga atender as demandas sociais e alcançar os objetivos propostos.

The Islamic Law in the Historical Study

Dalam kajian tentang sejarah awal Islam dan agama di dunia Barat, Islam dipandang sebagai agama \u27\u27dalam sejarab". Melaiui pandangan ini, para sarjana mempelajari sejarah awal Islam, di antaranya, dengan menggunakan meiode analisa kritik terbadap sumber-sumber sejarah termasuk kepusiakaan selain Islam dijadikan sebagai sumber dan bukti sejarah. Sejak itu pula hukum Islam dikaji melaiui pendekatan yang sama. Melaiui pendekatan ini diyakini bahwa hukum Islam mengandung tradisi-tradisi keagamaan khususnya di wilayab limur dekat yang ada sebeium Islam, dan dipandang sebagai suatu perkembangan yang berkelanjutan. Sebagaimana hasii kajian daripada Patricia Crone dan Gordon D. Newby menunjukkan bahwa di antara tradisi-tradisi keagamaan dimaksud, saiah satunya, adalab hukum Yahudi. Crone memberikan contoh qasama khususnya yang ada pada mazhab Maiiki dan mengktaim bahwa qasama dimaksud merupakan salah satu tradisi hukum yang ada pada orang-orang Yahudi. Sedangkan Newby memberikan contoh tentang penentuan orang band sebagai laki-iaki atau sebagai perempuan dalam hubungannya dengan pembagian kewarisan yang ada pada catatan \u27Amirb. Zarib di daiam sirah Ibnu Ishaq, dan mengktaim juga bahwa catatan tersebut berasai dari hukum Yahudi. Sebaliknya, pendekatan ini merupakan salah satu pendekatan yang ada dalam kajian hukum Islam dan sangat baik dipakai untuk mencari keseimhangan dan menunjukkan bahwa walaupun terdapat kesamaan antara hukum Islam dengan hukum-hukum yang lain, proses sejarab perkembangan hukum Islam itu sendiri sangat berbeda dan mempunyai karakteryang khusu

Planktonic Microbes in the Gulf of Maine Area

In the Gulf of Maine area (GoMA), as elsewhere in the ocean, the organisms of greatest numerical abundance are microbes. Viruses in GoMA are largely cyanophages and bacteriophages, including podoviruses which lack tails. There is also evidence of Mimivirus and Chlorovirus in the metagenome. Bacteria in GoMA comprise the dominant SAR11 phylotype cluster, and other abundant phylotypes such as SAR86-like cluster, SAR116-like cluster, Roseobacter, Rhodospirillaceae, Acidomicrobidae, Flavobacteriales, Cytophaga, and unclassified Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria clusters. Bacterial epibionts of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense include Rhodobacteraceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Cytophaga spp., Sulfitobacter spp., Sphingomonas spp., and unclassified Bacteroidetes. Phototrophic prokaryotes in GoMA include cyanobacteria that contain chlorophyll (mainly Synechococcus), aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs that contain bacteriochlorophyll, and bacteria that contain proteorhodopsin. Eukaryotic microalgae in GoMA include Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dictyochophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Pelagophyceae, Synurophyceae, and Xanthophyceae. There are no records of Bolidophyceae, Aurearenophyceae, Raphidophyceae, and Synchromophyceae in GoMA. In total, there are records for 665 names and 229 genera of microalgae. Heterotrophic eukaryotic protists in GoMA include Dinophyceae, Alveolata, Apicomplexa, amoeboid organisms, Labrynthulida, and heterotrophic marine stramenopiles (MAST). Ciliates include Strombidium, Lohmaniella, Tontonia, Strobilidium, Strombidinopsis and the mixotrophs Laboea strobila and Myrionecta rubrum (ex Mesodinium rubra). An inventory of selected microbial groups in each of 14 physiographic regions in GoMA is made by combining information on the depth-dependent variation of cell density and the depth-dependent variation of water volume. Across the entire GoMA, an estimate for the minimum abundance of cell-based microbes is 1.7×1025 organisms. By one account, this number of microbes implies a richness of 105 to 106 taxa in the entire water volume of GoMA. Morphological diversity in microplankton is well-described but the true extent of taxonomic diversity, especially in the femtoplankton, picoplankton and nanoplankton – whether autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic, is unknown

The globalization of cultural eutrophication in the coastal ocean: causes and consequences

Coastal eutrophication caused by anthropogenic nutrient inputs is one of the greatest threats to the health of coastal estuarine and marine ecosystems worldwide. Globally, similar to 24% of the anthropogenic N released in coastal watersheds is estimated to reach coastal ecosystems. Seven contrasting coastal ecosystems subject to a range of riverine inputs of freshwater and nutrients are compared to better understand and manage this threat. The following are addressed: (i) impacts of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on ecosystem services; (ii) how ecosystem traits minimize or amplify these impacts; (iii) synergies among pressures (nutrient enrichment, over fishing, coastal development, and climate-driven pressures in particular); and (iv) management of nutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems. This comparative analysis shows that "trophic status," when defined in terms of the level of primary production, is not useful for relating anthropogenic nutrient loading to impacts. Ranked in terms of the impact of cultural eutrophication, Chesapeake Bay ranks number one followed by the Baltic Sea, Northern Adriatic Sea, Northern Gulf of Mexico, Santa Barbara Channel, East China Sea, and the Great Barrier Reef. The impacts of increases in anthropogenic nutrient loading (e.g., development of "dead zones," loss of biologically engineered habitats, and toxic phytoplankton events) are, and will continue to be, exacerbated by synergies with other pressures, including over fishing, coastal development and climate-driven increases in sea surface temperature, acidification and rainfall. With respect to management, reductions in point source inputs from sewage treatment plants are increasingly successful. However, controlling inputs from diffuse sources remains a challenging problem. The conclusion from this analysis is that the severity of coastal eutrophication will likely continue to increase in the absence of effectively enforced, ecosystem-based management of both point and diffuse sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. This requires sustained, integrated research and monitoring, as well as repeated assessments of nutrient loading and impacts. These must be informed and guided by ongoing collaborations among scientists, politicians, managers and the public.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Ecosystem exploitation and trophodynamic indicators: a comparison between the Northern Adriatic Sea and Southern New England

In an ecosystem-based resource management context, it is crucial to assess the relationships between community structure and ecosystem function and how those relationships change with resource extraction. To elucidate how changes in resource use can affect community structure and ecosystem function, we executed a comparative analysis of two different ecosystems subjected to notable fishing pressure. We contrasted the Northern Adriatic Sea (NAS) and Southern New England (SNE) ecosystems by examining outputs from comparable steady-state models. Both ecosystems have relatively high fishing pressure and a high biomass of benthic invertebrates. The basic structure of the food webs shows differences both in the number and definition of the functional groups, as described in the models. Fisheries, on the contrary, show similarities both in terms of catches and discards. Almost all statistics summarizing the structure and flows showed values three times higher in the SNE than in the NAS ecosystem, but despite this difference the two ecosystems exhibited similar, overall properties. Biomass ratios and the Mixed Trophic Impact (MTI) analysis showed that both ecosystems are dominated by the benthic compartment. Removing the biomass effect, however, shows a clear top-down effect, with a high rank achieved by fishing activities. In general terms, the low mean trophic level of catches and the high primary production required (PPR) values result in a high overexploitation level of the ecosystem, as highlighted by the L index. We conclude by exploring how comparative studies will continue to be valuable as ecosystem-based management is further implemented