Determinants of service quality in bureaucracy: Parkinson's theory at work

Parkinsons law states that work expands to fill the time available for its completion and that the number of administrators in an office is bound to increase over time. An unique laboratory to test Parkinsons ideas are vehicle registration offices in Germany. Using their data we found empirical support for Parkinsons law: First, service quality is no better in offices that have more staff per case. Second, service quality is worse if the service procedure is disaggregated into multiple smaller sub-services. Third, the staff size is a convex function of the number of customers. These results are robust to specifications in various alternative models. --Bureaucracy,Parkinsons law,Waiting time,Service Quality,Queueing Theory

The political economy of the German Länder deficits

We analyze the deficits of the German Länder for the period from 1960 to 2005 and test a number of hypotheses derived from the literature on the political economy of public deficits. Estimating a dynamic panel data model, we find evidence for political opportunism in the spirit of Rogoff and Sibert: German voters seem to favor fiscal discipline as debt issue is significantly lower in preelection years. As suggested by the theory, coalition governments issue significantly more debt than single party governments. There is no evidence for partisan behavior; party ideology plays a negligible role. Strategic debt issue may occur when the probability of reelection is small. Our results suggest that this kind of political instability has no impact on debt issue. -- Wir analysieren die Entwicklung der Budgetdefizite in den deutschen Bundesländern von 1960 bis 2005 und testen eine Reihe von Hypothesen, die sich aus der politökonomischen Literatur öffentlicher Defizite ableiten lassen. Im Rahmen eines dynamischen Panel-Modells finden wir Evidenz für politischen Opportunismus im Sinne von Rogoff und Sibert: Deutsche Wähler scheinen fiskalische Disziplin zu befürworten, da die Verschuldung in Vorwahljahren signifikant weniger ansteigt als in anderen Jahren. Wie die Theorie nahe legt, wächst die Verschuldung bei Koalitionsregierungen signifikant mehr als bei Alleinregierungen. Wir finden hingegen keine Belege für Partisanenverhalten, Parteiideologien spielen also eine zu vernachlässigende Rolle. Strategische Neuverschuldung könnte erfolgen, wenn die Wiederwahlwahrscheinlichkeit gering ist. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen jedoch erkennen, dass diese Art der politischen Instabilität keinen Einfluss auf die Neuverschuldung hat.Public Deficit,German Länder,Political Economy,Dynamic Panel,Data Model

The Political Economy of the German Länder Deficits

We analyze the deficits of the German Länder for the period from 1960 to 2000 and test a number of hypotheses derived from the literature on the political economy of public expenditures and public deficits. Estimating a dynamic panel data model, we find evidence for political opportunism of the Rogoff/Sibert-type. German voters seem to favor fiscal discipline as debt issue is significantly lower in pre-election years. There is no evidence for partisan behavior. Party ideology thus plays a negligible role. As suggested by the theory, coalition governments issue more debt. This effect is, however, not statistically significant. If the probability of reelection is small, the incumbent government may find it beneficial to issue more debt. We consider four different approximations of the reelection probability but find evidence for none of them. --Public Debt,Political Economy,German Länder,Dynamic Panel Data Model

Parkinson’s theory at work

Parkinson’s law states that work expands to fill the time available for its completion and that the number of administrators in an office is bound to increase over time. An unique laboratory to test Parkinson’s ideas are vehicle registration offices in Germany. Using their data we found empirical support for Parkinson’s law: First, service quality is no better in offices that have more staff per case. Second, service quality is worse if the service procedure is disaggregated into multiple smaller sub-services. Third, the staff size is a convex function of the number of customers. These results are robust to specifications in various alternative models

Fiscal equalization and regions' (un)willingness-to-tax: Evidence from Germany

Under cooperative federalism, when an identical tax tariff applies to all regions of a federation, usually redistribution rules are implemented to smooth fiscal differences. The administration of tax collection, however, is sometimes delegated to the regional level, leaving the regional administrations some discretion concerning the auditing of tax returns. Building on a stylized model, we show that under such conditions granted discretionary tax deductions at the level of tax units is positively related to state-specific marginal rates of loss (MRL), i.e., the fraction of an additional tax Euro raised in a region that the fiscal-equalization system redistributes to other jurisdictions. We empirically test the model's presumption using administrative income-tax micro data from Germany. Regression estimates comply with the implications of our model. --Fiscal federalism,rate of loss,income tax returns

'Staatsschulden ohne Haftung': Eine Option für deutsche Bundesländer?

Eine zentrale Aufgabe der Föderalismuskommission II besteht in der Suche nach geeigneten institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen für eine wirksame Begrenzung der Verschuldung von Bund und Ländern. Welche Erfahrungen wurden im Ausland mit Haftungsbegrenzungen von Staatsschulden gemacht? Wäre dieser Ansatz eine Option für deutsche Bundesländer? --

Clustering Methods and Their Applications to Adolescent Healthcare Data

Clustering is a mathematical method of data analysis which identifies trends in data by efficiently separating data into a specified number of clusters so is incredibly useful and widely applicable for questions of interrelatedness of data. Two methods of clustering are considered here. K-means clustering defines clusters in relation to the centroid, or center, of a cluster. Spectral clustering establishes connections between all of the data points to be clustered, then eliminates those connections that link dissimilar points. This is represented as an eigenvector problem where the solution is given by the eigenvectors of the Normalized Graph Laplacian. Spectral clustering establishes groups so that the similarity between points of the same cluster is stronger than similarity between different clusters. K-means and spectral clustering are used to analyze adolescent data from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey. Differences were observed between the results of the clustering methods on 3294 individuals and 22 health-related attributes. K-means clustered the adolescents by exercise, poverty, and variables related to psychological health while spectral clustering groups were informed by smoking, alcohol use, low exercise, psychological distress, low parental involvement, and poverty. We posit some guesses as to this difference, observe characteristics of the clustering methods, and comment on the viability of spectral clustering on healthcare data

The political economy of the German Länder deficits

We analyze the deficits of the German Länder for the period from 1960 to 2000 and test a number of hypotheses derived from the literature on the political economy of public expenditures and public deficits. Estimating a dynamic panel data model, we find evidence for political opportunism of the Rogoff/Sibert- type. German voters seem to favor fiscal discipline as debt issue is significantly lower in pre-election years. There is no evidence for partisan behavior. Party ideology thus plays a negligible role. As suggested by the theory, coalition governments issue more debt. This effect is, however, not statistically significant. If the probability of reelection is small, the incumbent government may find it beneficial to issue more debt. We consider four different approximations of the reelection probability but find evidence for none of them

THE ROLE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ON PRE AND POSTOPERATIVE PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH FEMORAL ACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT

Femoral acetabular impingement (FAI) is a bony hip condition that often results in tears to the acetabular labrum. Patients with FAI experience pain, decreased function, and quality of life. FAI and its’ sequela are treated definitively with hip arthroscopy. Hip arthroscopy is being performed with increasing frequency, and while most patients respond favorably, a subset of 10-20% of patients have suboptimal outcomes. Previous research suggests that mental status may be a primary driver in the way patients with FAI respond to and feel pain. Measures of mental status include the presence of mood disorders and psychosocial patient reported outcomes (PROs). Psychosocial constructs that have yet to be examined in patients with FAI include self-efficacy, kinesophobia, and pain catastrophizing. The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) gauges an individual’s confidence, or self-efficacy, in their ability to complete tasks despite their current pain. Previous research has established that a patient’s self-efficacy is an important determinant of long-term success following orthopedic surgery. Kinesophobia, measured via the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), is a measure of movement-related fear. In contrast to self-efficacy, fear of movement has been identified as a predictor of early success following orthopedic surgery. Lastly, pain catastrophizing is a set of maladaptive behaviors including ruminating on pain, feeling helpless to overcome painful situations, and magnifying the circumstances surrounding the painful experience. Catastrophizing behaviors, measured via the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), have been repeatedly linked to increased pain and decreased functionality in a variety of orthopedic populations. To date, the relationship between these psychosocial variables and pain has not been examined in patients with FAI. The primary aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the role of psychosocial factors on pre and postoperative pain in patients with FAI undergoing hip arthroscopy. To accomplish this aim we performed a series of three studies. The first study was a retrospective chart review to determine the prevalence of mental health disorders and compare preoperative clinical presentation between patients with and without mental health disorders. The second was a cross-sectional study designed to determine if any psychosocial variables could predict preoperative hip pain. The final study utilized a longitudinal, cohort design. Patients were tested preoperatively and at 12-weeks postoperative. The primary outcomes measured were self-efficacy, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, and hip pain at rest and during activity measured via a visual analog scale (VAS). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of preoperative psychosocial variables on postoperative pain, and to determine if these variables were predictive of persistent postoperative pain three months following hip arthroscopy. Based on the results from these studies we can conclude the following: 1) Mental health disorders are more common in patients with FAI than other orthopedic populations, and self-reported pain and function are worse in this subset of patients, but neither symptom chronicity nor the severity of joint deformity differs; 2) Low self-efficacy is predictive of worse preoperative pain in patients with FAI; and 3) Patients with high preoperative pain catastrophizing or low self-efficacy are more likely to have increased postoperative pain. Low preoperative self-efficacy is predictive of persistent hip pain during activity three months following hip arthroscopy, while low self-efficacy and mental health disorders are predictive of persistent hip pain at rest. Future studies are necessary to develop and implement interventions targeting low self-efficacy and elevated catastrophizing in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy to improve patient outcomes for this high-risk group

Organizational Culture, Performance, and Competitive Advantage: What Next?

For over 20 years, beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the topic of organizational culture has been a key area of interest for managers and scholars worldwide.1 Much of the literature has focused on defining the term “organizational culture,”2 and its relationship to an organization’s performance3 and competitive advantage.4 In particular, research has examined its importance, its links with other variables that may influence performance, and how managers can use corporate culture to create and build successful organizations. In this chapter, we present an overview of selected past research on organizational culture and how it is viewed as a contributor to performance and competitive advantage. We also identify selected areas where existing research has not been fully pursued, for example, how to sustain culture over time, and offer observations on promising directions for future research. Building upon these observations, we offer a simple framework that categorizes ways that organizational culture and performance or competitive advantage may be related and that may suggest new areas for research. In this discussion, we seek to contribute to management’s comprehension and awareness of organizational culture as a source of competitive advantage, while acknowledging that links between culture and advantage may sometimes appear to be loose