Termodinàmica Social: La física com a justificació de l'Estatus Quo en l'Espanya de la restauració

Social Thermodynamics: Physics used to justify the status quo in Spain during the Restoration.Just as Darwinism was used to justify social policies like eugenics, at the end of the 19th century so it happened that social dynamics sought legitimacy for social hygiene programs or legislation concerning working hours, in the new Laws of Physics. At that time the worker was believed to be like a machine, whose work capacity could be measured scientifi cally, and science wasproffered as a solution to economic and social confl icts in the industrial era

Física y religión en la España decimonónica: más allá del mero conflicto

This article explores some interactions between the Spanish Catholic Church and physics in the Spain of the second half of the nineteenth century. It focuses in particular on the roll of the Church in the popularization of physic

Oliver Hochadel & Agustí Nieto-Galan, Barcelona: An Urban History of Science and Modernity, 1888-1929

Las dos ferias mundiales celebradas en Barcelona (1888 y 1929) que encapsulan el espacio temporal del volumen, la rápida industrialización y modernización sufrida por la ciudad durante este período, y la riqueza de los estudios de caso presentados, pueden hacer que los lectores se pregunten sobre los significados. con lo cual los editores se refieren a Barcelona como una segunda ciudad (en contraste con las metrópolis europeas). Además del hecho de que los estudios internacionales sobre historia urbana de la ciencia se han ocupado principalmente de capitales o grandes ciudades como Londres, París, Berlín o Chicago, las preguntas sobre si ciudades como Barcelona, Milán o Hamburgo (y la lista puede incluir muchas otras ciudades fuera de Europa y América del Norte) requieren un 'marco interpretativo diferente' y sobre cuáles son exactamente las 'características distintivas de la historia urbana [de la ciencia]' (p. 9) de estas ciudades, parecen requerir una mayor investigación comparativa y reflexion. Sin lugar a dudas, este volumen trae valiosas herramientas para tal esfuerzo académico. Al final, dos cuestiones son evidentes: las ricas y complejas culturas científicas de Barcelona alrededor de 1900, y la vibrante e innovadora comunidad de historiadores de la ciencia que trabajan y viven en la misma ciudad a principios del siglo XXI.The two world fairs held in Barcelona (1888 and 1929) that encapsulate the time space of the volume, the rapid industrialization and modernization suffered by the city during this period, and the richness of the case studies presented, may make readers wonder about the meanings with which the editors refer to Barcelona as a second city (in contrast to European metropolises). In addition to the fact that international scholarship on urban history of science have been mainly concerned with capitals or big cities such as London, Paris, Berlin, or Chicago, the questions about whether cities as Barcelona, Milan, or Hamburg (and the list may include many other cities outside Europe and North America) require a “different interpretative framework” and about what exactly are the “distinctive features of the urban history [of science]” (p. 9) of these cities, seem to required further comparative investigation and reflection. Undoubtedly, this volume brings valuable tools for such an academic endeavor. In the end two issues are evident: the rich and complex scientific cultures of Barcelona around 1900, and the vibrant and innovative community of science historians who work and live in the same city at the beginning of the 21th century

Styles of Knowledge Production in Colombia, 1850-1920

Argument Using the notion of styles of knowledge we refer to the ways diverse scientific communities claim to produce true knowledge, their understandings regarding the attitudes and values that scientists should have in order to grasp natural and social reality, and the practices and technologies developed within such styles. This paper analyzes scientific and medical enterprises that explored the relationship between environment, population, and society in Colombia between 1850 and 1920. We argue that similar styles of knowledge production were shared in human geography, medical geography, and climatic physiology at the mid-nineteenth century; and that some physicians working in bacteriology and physiology since the 1880s established epistemic boundaries between their work and earlier scientific activities, while others found these distinctions irrelevant. However, the historical actors committed to any of the styles of knowledge production explored in this article agreed on the local specificity of their objects of inquiry, therefore questioning European science. These styles of knowledge production also shaped different ways of perceiving and addressing national problems. Hence, this article is a contribution to the recent literature on both historical epistemology and social and cultural history of science and medicine. © Copyright Cambridge University Press 2016

Nueva sección de Estudios Sociales de la Salud

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Presentación

Presentar en espacios más amplios una especialidad que por lo general arma toldo aparte, está en el origen de la idea de organizar el presente dossier sobre historia de la ciencia para Memoria y Sociedad, precisamente una revista de historia general. Pero este no ha sido, ni de lejos, el único motivo. El monográfico intenta reflejar el gran dinamismo que está viviendo la historia de la ciencia en Colombia y América Latina en la actualidad, así como las perspectivas que esta disciplina puede aportar para delinear nuevas vías de investigación que integren la ciencia como objeto de análisis en el ámbito general de las ciencias sociales y las humanidades, en beneficio de todos los involucrados

Presentación

Presentar en espacios más amplios una especialidad que por lo general arma toldo aparte, está en el origen de la idea de organizar el presente dossier sobre historia de la ciencia para Memoria y Sociedad, precisamente una revista de historia general. Pero este no ha sido, ni de lejos, el único motivo. El monográfico intenta reflejar el gran dinamismo que está viviendo la historia de la ciencia en Colombia y América Latina en la actualidad, así como las perspectivas que esta disciplina puede aportar para delinear nuevas vías de investigación que integren la ciencia como objeto de análisis en el ámbito general de las ciencias sociales y las humanidades, en beneficio de todos los involucrados

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field