Infancia, violencia y televisión. Los espacios informativos y los imaginarios de la violencia en los niños y niñas. Avance de resultados

Desde hace tiempo se escuchan voces que manifiestan una grave preocupación por la calidad y el escaso valor educativo de algunos programas audiovisuales que aunque estén pensados para la población adulta en muchas ocasiones también son consumidos por los más pequeños. En este contexto nace el proyecto de investigación del que ahora presentamos las conclusiones. El proyecto Infancia, Violencia y Televisión. Los espacios informativos y los imaginarios de la violencia en los niños y adolescentes, financiado por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Plan Nacional I+D+I, 2004-2007) ha pretendido, desde sus inicios, conocer mejor los usos televisivos y ahondar en la percepción de los niños y niñas acerca de las diferentes formas de violencia y de su presencia en los espacios informativos audiovisuales.It has long been heard voices expressing serious concern about the low quality and educational value of audio-visual programs. This programs are designed for adults, are often consumed by the youngest. In this context arises and grows, the research project we are now presenting: Children and Television Violence. Information spaces and imaginaries of violence on children and adolescents, funded by the Ministry of Education and Science (Plan Nacional I + D + I, 2004-2007). It deals with an approximation to children’s uses of television and their perception about the different ways of violence and its presence in the audio-visual information spaces

Histopathological maladaptive changes in the explanted human mitral leaflets correlate with changes in echocardiographic leaflet morphology and the severity of ischaemic mitral regurgitation.

peer reviewedAIMS: Several changes of the mitral valve (MV) morphology have been previously documented in ischaemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) upon macro and microscopic examination. This study aimed to correlate echocardiographic MV thickening with IMR severity and to delineate the histopathological basis of valve thickening from the explanted leaflets. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty patients were included in the echo-group; of these, 48 patients (19.2%) underwent surgical mitral valve replacement (MVR), including them in the histology-group. By echocardiography, the thickness of the anterior and posterior leaflet was more extensive in moderate to severe IMR, P < 0.001. Histology-group: patients were divided into two groups based on the median thickness: those with cusp thickness <0.42 cm in Group 1, and ≥0.42 cm in Group 2. The thickness of the base and cusp was more significant in Group 2, P < 0.05 in both. Group 2 biopsies were characterized by involvement of the three leaflet segments, myxoid tissue, and fibrosis deposition. Thicker leaflets were associated with a greater degree of mitral regurgitation (MR), P < 0.0001. In the echo-group, a median leaflet thickness of 3.5 mm of the anterior and posterior MV was independently associated with moderate to severe ischaemic MR [odds ratio (OR) 2.88, P < 0.01] and (OR 10.8, P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: In ischaemic MR, the thicker the cusps, the worse the MR. Leaflet thickening was due to the myxoid and fibrosis deposition and was detected by echocardiography. Therefore, this method can be helpful in the evaluation of valve remodelling

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p&lt;0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p&lt;0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Estudios sobre los enfermos hipertensos en tratamientos en España durante el periodo 1990 - 1993

FUNDAMENTO: El objetivo principal de nuestro trabajo ha sido conocer desde la perspectiva de la farmacoepidemiología el uso de los fármacos antihipertensivos en nuestro país con objeto de obtener una estimación cruda del número de enfermos hipertensos en tratamiento en las diferentes Comunidades Autónomas. MÉTODOS: Los datos referentes al consumo de los medicamentos antihipertensivos (monofármacos) desde 1990 a 1993 se han obtenido de la Subdirección General de Asistencia y Ordenación Farmacéutica. La metodología empleada para el cálculo de laEstimación de la Prevalencia de Enfermos-Día en tratamiento con estos fármacos se basa en las recomendaciones de la OMS para los Estudios de Utilización de Medicamentos. Se ha calculado la Estimación de la prevalencia de enfermos-día (EPED), empleándose para su cálculo la Dosis Diaria Definida de cada uno de los fármacos antihipertensivos. RESULTADOS: Los hipertensos en tratamiento con estos fármacos han sido 1.736.937, 1.966.398, 2.226.225 y 2.435.294 durante 1990 a 1993 respectivamente. A final de nuestro estudio, 1993, el número de hipertensos tratados en España se aproxima al 50% del total de hipertensos. Existen diferencias interregionales, así las Comunidades Autónomas de Aragón, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, País Valenciano y Murcia destacan como las regiones donde el número de hipertensos tratados es superior a la media nacional. CONCLUSIONES: El número de hipertensos en tratamiento ha aumentado considerablemente desde 1990 a 1993 (+40%). Se aprecia un aumento en el número de hipertensos en tratamiento con antagonistas del calcio e inhibidores de la ECA y una disminución en la proporción de hipertensos en tratamiento con Beta bloqueantes y Diuréticos

Estudios sobre los enfermos hipertensos en tratamientos en España durante el periodo 1990 - 1993

BACKGROUND: The main goal of our work was to gain knowledge from the pharmaco-epidemiological perspective on the use of anti-hypertensive drugs in our country, in order to obtain a rough estimation of the number of hypertensive patients under treatment in various Autonomous Communities. METHODS: The data regarding the consumption of hypertensive drugs (mono-medicines) from 1990 to 1993 have been obtained from the Vice-Directorate General for Treatment and Pharmaceutical Planning. The methodology used to calculate the "Estimated Prevalence Patient-day" under treatment with these drugs is based on the WHO recommendations for the Studies on the use of Medicines. Estimated Prevalence of Patient-day (EPPD) has been calculated by using the Defined Daily Dosage of each anti-hypertensive drug. RESULTS: The number of hypertensive patients under treatment with these drugs was 1.763.937, 1.966.396, 2.226.225 and 2.435.294, from 1990 to 1993, respectively. At the end of our study, in 1993, the number of hypertensive patients under treatment in Spain is nearly 50% of the total number of hypertensive patients. There are some differences amongst regions; thus, the Autonomous Communities of Aragón, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, País Valenciano and Murcia are noticeable as regions where the number of hypertensive patients treated exceeds thenational average. CONCLUSIONS: The number of hypertensive patients under treatment has considerably increased between 1990 to 1993 (+ 40%). An increase is observed in the number of hypertensive patients treated with calcium antagonists and ECA inhibitors and a decrease is observed in the proportion of hypertensive patients under treatment with Beta-blockers and diuretics.FUNDAMENTO: El objetivo principal de nuestro trabajo ha sido conocer desde la perspectiva de la farmacoepidemiología el uso de los fármacos antihipertensivos en nuestro país con objeto de obtener una estimación cruda del número de enfermos hipertensos en tratamiento en las diferentes Comunidades Autónomas. MÉTODOS: Los datos referentes al consumo de los medicamentos antihipertensivos (monofármacos) desde 1990 a 1993 se han obtenido de la Subdirección General de Asistencia y Ordenación Farmacéutica. La metodología empleada para el cálculo de laEstimación de la Prevalencia de Enfermos-Día en tratamiento con estos fármacos se basa en las recomendaciones de la OMS para los Estudios de Utilización de Medicamentos. Se ha calculado la Estimación de la prevalencia de enfermos-día (EPED), empleándose para su cálculo la Dosis Diaria Definida de cada uno de los fármacos antihipertensivos. RESULTADOS: Los hipertensos en tratamiento con estos fármacos han sido 1.736.937, 1.966.398, 2.226.225 y 2.435.294 durante 1990 a 1993 respectivamente. A final de nuestro estudio, 1993, el número de hipertensos tratados en España se aproxima al 50% del total de hipertensos. Existen diferencias interregionales, así las Comunidades Autónomas de Aragón, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, País Valenciano y Murcia destacan como las regiones donde el número de hipertensos tratados es superior a la media nacional. CONCLUSIONES: El número de hipertensos en tratamiento ha aumentado considerablemente desde 1990 a 1993 (+40%). Se aprecia un aumento en el número de hipertensos en tratamiento con antagonistas del calcio e inhibidores de la ECA y una disminución en la proporción de hipertensos en tratamiento con Beta bloqueantes y Diuréticos