Comparing air-sea flux measurements from a new unmanned surface vehicle and proven platforms during the SPURS-2 field campaign.

© The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zhang, D., Cronin, M. F., Meinig, C., Farrar, J. T., Jenkins, R., Peacock, D., Keene, J., Sutton, A., & Yang, Q. Comparing air-sea flux measurements from a new unmanned surface vehicle and proven platforms during the SPURS-2 field campaign. Oceanography, 32(2), (2019): 122-133, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.220.Two saildrones participated in the Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study 2 (SPURS-2) field campaign at 10°N, 125°W, as part of their more than six-month Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS)-2020 pilot study in the eastern tropical Pacific. The two saildrones were launched from San Francisco, California, on September 1, 2017, and arrived at the SPURS-2 region on October 15, one week before R/V Revelle. Upon arrival at the SPURS-2 site, they each began a two-week repeat pattern, sailing around the program’s central moored surface buoy. The heavily instrumented Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) SPURS-2 buoy serves as a benchmark for validating the saildrone measurements for air-sea fluxes. The data collected by the WHOI buoy and the saildrones were found to be in reasonably good agreement. Although of short duration, these ship-saildrone-buoy comparisons are encouraging as they provide enhanced understanding of measurements by various platforms in a rapidly changing subsynoptic weather system. The saildrones were generally able to navigate the challenging Intertropical Convergence Zone, where winds are low and currents can be strong, demonstrating that the saildrone is an effective platform for observing a wide range of oceanographic variables important to air-sea interaction studies.The TPOS-2020 saildrone pilot study was funded by the NOAA Ocean Observations and Monitoring Division of the Climate Programs Office. The WHOI flux mooring was funded by NASA as part of the SPURS-2 program. This work is partially funded by the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA15OAR4320063. We thank SPURS-2 cruise Chief Scientist Kyla Drushka of APL/University of Washington, Fred Bingham of the University of North Carolina, and Dave Rivera of PMEL onboard R/V Revelle for close coordination between ship operation and saildrone piloting. High-quality shipboard air-sea flux measurements by Carol Anne Clayson and James Edson of WHOI are greatly appreciated. We also thank the editors and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful suggestions that helped to improve this manuscript. This is PMEL contribution #4899

The Rise and Fall, and the Rise (Again) of Feminist Research in Music: 'What Goes Around Comes Around'

This article reports from a two-phase study that involved an analysis of the extant literature followed by a three-part survey answered by seventy-one women composers. Through these theoretical and empirical data, the authors explore the relationship between gender and music’s symbolic and cultural capital. Bourdieu’s theory of the habitus is employed to understand the gendered experiences of the female composers who participated in the survey. The article suggests that these female composers have different investments in gender but that, overall, they reinforce the male habitus given that the female habitus occupies a subordinate position in relation to that of the male. The findings of the study also suggest a connection between contemporary feminism and the attitudes towards gender held by the participants. The article concludes that female composers classify themselves, and others, according to gendered norms and that these perpetuate the social order in music in which the male norm dominates

Genome-wide association study in 79,366 European-ancestry individuals informs the genetic architecture of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone precursor that is associated with a range of human traits and diseases. Previous GWAS of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations have identified four genome-wide significant loci (GC, NADSYN1/DHCR7, CYP2R1, CYP24A1). In this study, we expand the previous SUNLIGHT Consortium GWAS discovery sample size from 16,125 to 79,366 (all European descent). This larger GWAS yields two additional loci harboring genome-wide significant variants (P = 4.7x10(-9) at rs8018720 in SEC23A, and P = 1.9x10(-14) at rs10745742 in AMDHD1). The overall estimate of heritability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentrations attributable to GWAS common SNPs is 7.5%, with statistically significant loci explaining 38% of this total. Further investigation identifies signal enrichment in immune and hematopoietic tissues, and clustering with autoimmune diseases in cell-type-specific analysis. Larger studies are required to identify additional common SNPs, and to explore the role of rare or structural variants and gene-gene interactions in the heritability of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.Peer reviewe

Genetic Sharing with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Diabetes Reveals Novel Bone Mineral Density Loci.

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is a highly heritable trait, but genome-wide association studies have identified few genetic risk factors. Epidemiological studies suggest associations between BMD and several traits and diseases, but the nature of the suggestive comorbidity is still unknown. We used a novel genetic pleiotropy-informed conditional False Discovery Rate (FDR) method to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BMD by leveraging cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated disorders and metabolic traits. By conditioning on SNPs associated with the CVD-related phenotypes, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides and waist hip ratio, we identified 65 novel independent BMD loci (26 with femoral neck BMD and 47 with lumbar spine BMD) at conditional FDR < 0.01. Many of the loci were confirmed in genetic expression studies. Genes validated at the mRNA levels were characteristic for the osteoblast/osteocyte lineage, Wnt signaling pathway and bone metabolism. The results provide new insight into genetic mechanisms of variability in BMD, and a better understanding of the genetic underpinnings of clinical comorbidity

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

Responses of two coexisting cyclopoid copepods to experimental manipulations of food and predators

Factors causing the population limitation of two species of cyclopoid copepods, Tropocyclops prasinus and Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi, and the subsequent impact of these species on the zooplankton community, were investigated in two montane lakes of the University of British Columbia Research Forest. In Placid Lake, C.b.thomasi was abundant and T.prasinus was rare, while in Gwendoline Lake, T.prasinus was the more abundant species. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the importance of such factors as food, physical-chemical lake characteristics, and predation upon the population dynamics of these species. The feeding appendages of adult T.prasinus and C.b.thomasi were compared and found to be structurally alike, although adult diets were quite dissimilar. T.prasinus was omnivorous in the later instars, eating algae, protozoans and probably dead macrozooplankters while C.b.thomasi was markedly carnivorous in copepodid and adult instars. Seasonal abundance peaks revealed a temporal separation of the naupliar instars of these species in both lakes studied. Consequently, competition between T.prasinus and C.b.thomasi was unlikely. Large scale enclosure experiments in Placid Lake, where C.b.thomasi was abundant, showed that lake densities of C.b.thomasi could limit the abundance of T.prasinus. Survivorship curves and laboratory feeding experiments indicated that the low abundances of T.prasinus was caused by two important factors: high T.prasinus naupliar mortality even in the absence of C.b.thomasi, and C.b.thomasi predation on these T.prasinus instars. When C.b.thomasi was transplanted to enclosures in Gwendoline Lake, where T.prasinus was the more abundant cyclopoid copepod, C.b.thomasi was able to grow and reproduce within the crustacean plankton community and became as abundant as in its home lake. Naupliar instars were the most mortality-prone stages in both lakes. Fertilization of a Gwendoline Lake enclosure increased the survivorship of C.b.thomasi about 22% over that observed in the unfertilized treatment. However, addition of the midge fly larvae common to Gwendoline Lake (C.trivittatus and C.americanus) to the enclosure plankton community resulted in a decrease in the standing crop of C.b.thomasi to a point at which samples became difficult to obtain. With Chaoborus in the enclosure, fertilization did not enhance the abundance of C. b. thomasi but rather, improved the survivorship of Chaoborus first and second instar larvae, and resulted in an acceleration of the C.b.thomasi nauplii decline. The impact of C.b.thomasi on other zooplankton was also examined. C.b.thomasi appeared to dampen the fluctuations in total zooplankton biomass in enclosures without a Chaoborus population. However, in the fertilized treatment without Chaoborus, C.b.thomasi was unable to track prey demographic responses and caused no major compositional changes in the crustacean community at either high or low nutrient levels. Temporal - spatial overlap and predator and prey developmental responses were critical factors determining prey sensitivity to predation by C.b.thomasi.Science, Faculty ofZoology, Department ofGraduat