Diseño y análisis de implementación de un sistema de calentamiento de agua por tubos de vacío con energía solar térmica para la piscina de 360 m3 del Club Castillo de Amaguaña

El propósito del presente trabajo de investigación es diseñar y analizar la implementación de un sistema de climatización de agua por tubos de vacío con energía solar térmica para la piscina de 360 m3 del Club Castillo de Amaguaña, con la finalidad de elevar la temperatura de 19 a 32 ºC aproximadamente. Esto se ha desarrollado mediante un proceso sistemático de observación y experimentación en el lugar del proyecto, que permite obtener los datos necesarios para realizar el análisis termodinámico del sistema mediante cálculos analíticos y de esta manera determinar el número de colectores adecuado que cubran la demanda energética de la piscina, tomando en cuenta el aporte de la energía solar y la energía total necesaria para cubrir las pérdidas de calor en el vaso, que incluyen pérdidas por: evaporación, radiación, convección, conducción y renovación de agua. También se ha establecido el costo total mensual y anual del consumo de combustible y tratamientos químicos del agua que implican mantener en óptimas condiciones a la piscina, necesarios para precisar el ahorro que se obtendrá al implementar el sistema de colectores junto con una manta térmica. Una vez finalizado el estudio, se ha concluido que se requiere de 30 colectores solares de tubos de vacío modelo SNCH-50 de 50 tubos cada uno con un área de cobertura individual de 7.86 m2 para el sistema de climatización de la piscina, mientras que en el análisis financiero se determinó la rentabilidad del proyecto al reflejar un TIR del 12 % con un periodo de recuperación de la inversión inicial de 4.65 años y un VAN con un costo de 2874.43 USD.The main objective of this research is to design and analyze the implementation of a water heating system by vacuum tubes with solar-thermal energy for a 360 m3 pool, at “Castillo de Amaguaña” in order to increase the temperature from 19 °C to approximately 32 °C. This project has been developed by a systematic process of observation and experimentation at project’s place, which allows to obtain the necessary data for develop the thermodynamic analysis of the system with analytic calculations and determine the adequate number of collectors to cover the energy demand of the pool, taking into account the contribution of sun energy and the overall energy necessary to cover heat losses in the pool, which include losses due to: evaporation, radiation convection, conduction and renewal of water. The total monthly and annual cost of fuel consumption and chemical treatments of the water have been determined, this imply keeping the pool in optimal conditions, necessary to specify the savings that will be obtained by implementing the collector system with a thermal blanket. Once the study is complete, it is concluded that the heating dimensioned system for the pool consists of 30 sun collectors per vacuum tubes model SNCH-50 of 50 tubes each one with and individual coverage area of 7.86 m2 , while financial analysis determined that the project is profitable and reflects a 12% TIR and a payback time of 4.65 years and a VAN of 2874.43 USD

Synthesis and characterization of thermoluminescent glass-ceramics Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2:CeO2

ABSTRACT: Vitroceramic powders of Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 systems (LAS), doped with 1% (LAS:1Ce) and 10% (LAS:10Ce) molar of cerianite (CeO2) were synthesized by means of the gelification technique of metal formates of aluminum and lithium, in the presence of tetraethoxy silane and CeO2. The gels obtained were dried (120 °C, 2.5 h), calcined (480 °C, 5 h) and sinterized (1250 °C, 30 min). The sinterized samples were characterized by X-ray difraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microchemical analysis (EDS). There is evidence for a mixture of two phases of 64% β-spodumene (Li2O–Al2O3–4SiO2) and 36% β-eucryptite (Li2O–Al2O3–2SiO2). The LAS:1Ce system was enriched in aluminum, the LAS:10Ce system showed areas of heterogeneous composition; some regions with a shortage of CeO2, while others zones with cerium cumulus. From the microscopy images it was found that CeO2 acts as a densificant agent in LAS system, favoring the sintering in the host. The chemical route and the sintering processes utilized allow the production of samples exhibiting an acceptable linear correlation between total thermoluminescent emission intensity and the irradiation dose when the CeO2 concentration is low (less than 1%), opening the possibility of using this kind of glass-ceramic in dosimetry

Ancestral practices in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop of two rural communities in the Tungurahua province of Ecuador

The aim of this research was to analyze the permanence of ancestral practices used on growing potatoes, between the years 1950 and 2016. Two rural communities (Apatug and Puñachisag) were selected in the province of Tungurahua, Ecuador. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 63 key informants selected with the snowball and group interview methods. Has characterized the agricultural calendar, the use of varieties, associativity and observation of lunar phases. The results suggest the temporal relationship of potato planting and harvest with the feasts ancestral religious. These cycles were observed until the decade of the sixties and seventies. However, with the agriculture modernization, these calendars are modified. On the other hand, they also noted the predominance of improved varieties on native varieties. Most of the varieties cultivated by farmers, are Fripapa-Putza and Semichola and respond to the destination of the output (sales and/or family consumption); 65% practice monocultures and 58.5% consider the lunar phases for agricultural work. It is concluded the ancestral practices are at risk of extinction and need to be understood and rehabilitated by the new generations of peasants as well as technical programs for the transfer of technology to achieve a more sustainable agriculture

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Caracterizacióones del sistema de información jurídico digital a partir de indicadores, su revision bibliográfica

Objetivo: Caracterizar los principales aspectos en relación a las dinámicas en el contexto de la gestión de la información jurídica. Diseño/Metodología/Enfoque: Se parte de una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, identificando las principales características a tener en cuenta en los sistemas de información jurídica digital desde cuatro ejes temáticos: cambios legislativos, tecnología y digitalización, acceso a la información y gestión de datos. Sobre esta base conceptual, se desarrolla una discusión analítica prospectiva acerca de los retos y oportunidades identificados. Resultados/Discusión: Se concluye que la dinámica de los cambios legislativos demanda sistemas dinámicos con capacidad de actualización automatizada continua. La tecnología optimiza procesos bajo estrictos controles de calidad. El acceso universal requiere superar brechas digitales e informáticas. Y la masividad de datos jurídicos precisa herramientas de gestión flexibles, interoperables y centradas en metadatos. Transversalmente, es necesario evaluar impactos sociales mediante pruebas de usabilidad con diversos usuarios e implementar medidas inclusivas. Conclusiones: La gestión prospectiva de la información jurídica en entornos digitales demanda sistemas escalables, flexibles y centrados en el usuario, capaces de actualizarse continuamente ante cambios normativos. La tecnología optimiza procesos bajo certidumbre y transparencia. Sin embargo, esta transformación requiere superar brechas de accesibilidad mediante enfoques interseccionales que incorporen diversas realidades sociales. Originalidad/Valor: El análisis realizado aporta una visión prospectiva sobre elementos fundacionales a considerar para el desarrollo de sistemas de información jurídica digital modernos, accesibles y alineados con los principios democráticos del acceso efectivo a la justicia desde cualquier sector de la sociedad

Ancestral practices in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop of two rural communities in the Tungurahua province of Ecuador

The aim of this research was to analyze the permanence of ancestral practices used on growing potatoes, between the years 1950 and 2016. Two rural communities (Apatug and Puñachisag) were selected in the province of Tungurahua, Ecuador. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 63 key informants selected with the snowball and group interview methods. Has characterized the agricultural calendar, the use of varieties, associativity and observation of lunar phases. The results suggest the temporal relationship of potato planting and harvest with the feasts ancestral religious. These cycles were observed until the decade of the sixties and seventies. However, with the agriculture modernization, these calendars are modified. On the other hand, they also noted the predominance of improved varieties on native varieties. Most of the varieties cultivated by farmers, are Fripapa-Putza and Semichola and respond to the destination of the output (sales and/or family consumption); 65% practice monocultures and 58.5% consider the lunar phases for agricultural work. It is concluded the ancestral practices are at risk of extinction and need to be understood and rehabilitated by the new generations of peasants as well as technical programs for the transfer of technology to achieve a more sustainable agriculture

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe

Exploring the cost-effectiveness of high versus low perioperative fraction of inspired oxygen in the prevention of surgical site infections among abdominal surgery patients in three low- and middle-income countries

Background: This study assessed the potential cost-effectiveness of high (80–100%) vs low (21–35%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) at preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) after abdominal surgery in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Methods: Decision-analytic models were constructed using best available evidence sourced from unbundled data of an ongoing pilot trial assessing the effectiveness of high FiO2, published literature, and a cost survey in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Effectiveness was measured as percentage of SSIs at 30 days after surgery, a healthcare perspective was adopted, and costs were reported in US dollars ($). Results: High FiO2 may be cost-effective (cheaper and effective). In Nigeria, the average cost for high FiO2 was$216 compared with $222 for low FiO2 leading to a −$6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −$13 to −$1) difference in costs. In India, the average cost for high FiO2 was $184 compared with$195 for low FiO2 leading to a −$11 (95$15 to −$6) difference in costs. In South Africa, the average cost for high FiO2 was$1164 compared with $1257 for low FiO2 leading to a −$93 (95% CI: −$132 to −$65) difference in costs. The high FiO2 arm had few SSIs, 7.33% compared with 8.38% for low FiO2, leading to a −1.05 (95% CI: −1.14 to −0.90) percentage point reduction in SSIs. Conclusion: High FiO2 could be cost-effective at preventing SSIs in the three countries but further data from large clinical trials are required to confirm this