Cosmology and Cluster Halo Scaling Relations

We explore the effects of dark matter and dark energy on the dynamical scaling properties of galaxy clusters. We investigate the cluster Faber-Jackson (FJ), Kormendy and Fundamental Plane (FP) relations between the mass, radius and velocity dispersion of cluster size halos in cosmological $N$-body simulations. The simulations span a wide range of cosmological parameters, representing open, flat and closed Universes. Independently of the cosmology, we find that the simulated clusters are close to a perfect virial state and do indeed define a Fundamental Plane. The fitted parameters of the FJ, Kormendy and FP relationships do not show any significant dependence on $\Omega_m$ and/or $\Omega_{\Lambda}$. The one outstanding effect is the influence of $\Omega_{m}$ on the thickness of the Fundamental Plane. Following the time evolution of our models, we find slight changes of FJ and Kormendy parameters in high $\Omega_m$ universe, along with a slight decrease of FP fitting parameters. We also see an initial increase of the FP thickness followed by a convergence to a nearly constant value. The epoch of convergence is later for higher values of $\Omega_m$ while the thickness remains constant in the low $\Omega_m$ $\Lambda$-models. We also find a continuous increase of the FP thickness in the Standard CDM (SCDM) cosmology. There is no evidence that these differences are due to the different power spectrum slope at cluster scales. From the point of view of the FP, there is little difference between clusters that quietly accreted their mass and those that underwent massive mergers. The principal effect of strong mergers is to change significantly the ratio of the half-mass radius $r_{half}$ to the harmonic mean radius $r_h$.Comment: 24 pages, 17 figures, submitted to MNRA

Radio Emission in the Cosmic Web

We explore the possibility of detecting radio emission in the \emph{cosmic web} by analyzing shock waves in the MareNostrum cosmological simulation. This requires a careful calibration of shock finding algorithms in Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics simulations, which we present here. Moreover, we identify the elements of the cosmic web, namely voids, walls, filaments and clusters with the use of the SpineWeb technique, a procedure that classifies the structure in terms of its topology. Thus, we are able to study the Mach number distribution as a function of its environment. We find that the median Mach number, for clusters is $\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{clusters}}\approx1.8$, for filaments is $\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{filaments}}\approx 6.2$, for walls is $\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{walls}}\approx 7.5$, and for voids is $\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{voids}}\approx 18$. We then estimate the radio emission in the cosmic web using the formalism derived in Hoeft & Br\"{u}ggen (2007). We also find that in order to match our simulations with observational data (e.g., NVSS radio relic luminosity function), a fraction of energy dissipated at the shock of $\xi_{\mathrm{e}}=0.0005$ is needed, in contrast with the $\xi_{\mathrm{e}}=0.005$ proposed by Hoeft et al. (2008). We find that 41% of clusters with $M \ge 10^{14} M_{\odot}$ host diffuse radio emission in the form of radio relics. Moreover, we predict that the radio flux from filaments should be $S_{150 MHz}\sim 0.12$ $\mu$Jy at a frequency of 150 MHz.Comment: 19 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. Minor changes to tex fil

Future Evolution of Bound Superclusters in an Accelerating Universe

The evolution of marginally bound supercluster-like objects in an accelerating LambdaCDM Universe is followed, by means of cosmological simulations, from the present time to an expansion factor a = 100. The objects are identified on the basis of the binding density criterion introduced by Dunner et al. (2006). superclusters are identified with the ones whose mass M > 10^15 M_sun/h, the most massive one with M ~ 8x10^15 M_sun/h, comparable to the Shapley supercluster. The spatial distribution of the superclusters remains essentially the same after the present epoch, reflecting the halting growth of the Cosmic Web as Lambda gets to dominate the expansion of the Universe. The same trend can be seen in the stagnation of the development of the mass function of virialized haloes and bound objects. The situation is considerably different when looking at the internal evolution, quantified in terms of their shape, compactness and density profile, and substructure in terms of their multiplicity function. We find a continuing evolution from a wide range of triaxial shapes at a = 1 to almost perfect spherical shapes at a = 100. We also find a systematic trend towards a higher concentration. Meanwhile, we see their substructure gradually disappearing, as the surrounding subclumps fall in and merge to form one coherent, virialized system.Comment: 27 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, revised version after referee repor

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Equidad en salud

&bull;Acceso a diagn&oacute;stico y tratamiento para depresi&oacute;n seg&uacute;n posici&oacute;n social en pa&iacute;ses seleccionados de Latinoam&eacute;rica &bull;An&aacute;lisis narrativo de experiencias de chilenos exiliados pol&iacute;ticos con discapacidad f&iacute;sica en Malm&ouml;, Suecia &bull;Caracterizaci&oacute;n y comparaci&oacute;n de pu&eacute;rperas peruanas y chilenas atendidas en el Hospital San Jos&eacute; &bull;Conocimientos y pr&aacute;cticas de estudiantes de 7&ordm; y 8&ordm; b&aacute;sico, de ambos sexos, de Curacav&iacute; &bull;Desarrollo econ&oacute;mico y mortalidad prematura, Chile, 1994-2003 &bull;Determinaci&oacute;n nacional del &Iacute;ndice Significante de Caries (SIC) en adolescentes de 12 a&ntilde;os, Chile 2010 &bull;Diagn&oacute;stico de salud bucal en ni&ntilde;os 2 y 4 a&ntilde;os asistentes a la educaci&oacute;n preescolar, zonas norte y centro &bull;El GES promueve la equidad en el tratamiento del gran quemado de la tercera edad &bull;Evaluaci&oacute;n del nivel de conocimiento en salud bucal de la comunidad educativa preescolar &bull;Factores psicosociales y culturales que inciden en embarazo adolescente en ni&ntilde;as menores de 15 a&ntilde;os &bull;&Iacute;ndice Significante de Caries en ni&ntilde;os de 6 a&ntilde;os, Chile 2010 &bull;La mortalidad por c&aacute;ncer del cuello uterino en R&iacute;o de Janeiro: Estudio ecol&oacute;gico &bull;Nivel de desarrollo psicomotor y su relaci&oacute;n con el score de riesgo DSM &bull;Perfil en interconsultas dermatol&oacute;gicas del consultorio Padre Esteban Gumucio Vives de Santiago de Chile, 2010 &bull;Prevalencia caries, p&eacute;rdida de dientes, necesidad de tratamiento en adultos mapuche - huilliches de Isla Huapi &bull;Recursos humanos odontol&oacute;gicos para tratamiento de caries en adolescentes de 12 a&ntilde;os, Chile 2010 &bull;Retraso del diagn&oacute;stico de tuberculosis en la percepci&oacute;n de los representantes de ONG en R&iacute;o de Janeiro &bull;Rol de la escuela en promoci&oacute;n de salud y reducci&oacute;n de vulnerabilidad social en salud &bull;Tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad fetal e infantil y sus componentes, Chile 1996- 2006 &bull;Implementaci&oacute;n de un mam&oacute;grafo m&oacute;vil para la Regi&oacute;n de los R&iacute;o