Theory of justice: Beyond the national limits

La teoría de la justicia generalmente trata problemas que se dan dentro de los límites nacionales, es decir, justicia e injusticia tienen en cuenta lo que pasa dentro de estos límites y a aquellos sujetos reconocidos como ciudadanos de ese país. Sin embargo, en los últimos años el debate de la teoría de la justicia se ha centrado no solo en qué es una injusticia sino también en quién debe ser tenido en cuenta como sujeto de justicia. Podemos entender como injusticia la exclusión por parte de las instituciones hacia aquellos sujetos a los que no consideran ciudadanos, haciéndoles imposible reclamar justicia. La pregunta que hacemos es: ¿cómo podemos establecer quién está legitimado como sujeto de justicia?Theory of justice generally addresses issues within national borders, which means that justice and injustice only take into account what happens inside the borders of a country and those are recognized as citizen of that country. However, in recent years the debate around theory of justice has focused not only on what an injustice is, but also on who should be taken into account as subject of justice. Injustice could be also understood as the exclusion performed by institutions towards subjects who are not taken as citizens, making it impossible for them to claim justice. So the question is: how can we establish who is a legitimate subject of justice

Italian Thought: los comunes y el uso

This paper explores the proposals of Giorgio Agamben and Roberto Esposito, two of the top representatives of the Italian Thought, around the notion of community and commons. Starting from an analysis of the community based on the munus, the statute of the commons is examined as opposed to the right of property. Next, the discussion around the notion of use of the commons and its difficult reconciliation with the legal apparatus is presented. Finally, the notion of inappropriateness that underpins the Italian study of the commons is studied.El presente trabajo explora las propuestas de Giorgio Agamben y Roberto Esposito, dos de los máximos representantes del Italian Thought, en torno a la noción de comunidad y bienes comunes. A partir de un análisis sobre la comunidad basada en el munus, se examina el estatuto de los bienes comunes en contraposición al derecho de propiedad. A continuación, se presenta la discusión en torno a la noción de uso de los bienes comunes y su difícil reconciliación con el aparato jurídico. Finalmente, se estudia la noción de inapropiable que vertebra el estudio italiano de los bienes comunes

La máquina antropológica: Límites de una singularidad impersonal

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Filosofía. Fecha de lectura: 14-10-2019Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 14-04-202

Les enfants de la cité. Un nouveau paradigme de vivre dans l'œuvre de Giorgio Agamben

This article examines, from an archaeological perspective, the dispositif of citizenship and its presence in the work of Giorgio Agamben. The article begins with an investigation of the discourses around the Athenian autochthonous myth that have intervened in the formation of the dispositif of citizenship. The centrality that Agamben grants to citizenship as a guiding concept of Western politics allows us to examine the place that it occupies in his work, not only as a diagnosis, but also as a prescriptive exercise of a new politics. Finally, the article studies some of the proposals that we can find on the deactivation of citizenship in different places of the work of the Italian philosopher.Este artículo examina, desde una perspectiva arqueológica, el dispositivo de la ciudadanía y su presencia en la obra de Giorgio Agamben. El artículo inicia con una indagación de los discursos en torno al mito de autoctonía ateniense que han intervenido en la formación del dispositivo de la ciudadanía. La centralidad que Agamben otorga al dispositivo de la ciudadanía como concepto-guía de la política occidental permite examinar el lugar que este ocupa en su obra no solo como diagnóstico, sino también como ejercicio prescriptivo de una nueva política. Finalmente, el artículo estudia algunas de las propuestas que podemos encontrar sobre la desactivación de la ciudadanía en diferentes lugares de la obra del filósofo italiano.Cet article examine, d’un point de vue archéologique, le dispositif de la citoyenneté et sa présence dans l’oeuvre de Giorgio Agamben. L’article commence par une enquête sur les discours autour du mythe autochtone athénien qui sont intervenus dans la formation du dispositif de citoyenneté. La centralité qu’Agamben accorde au dispositif de citoyenneté comme concept directeur de la politique occidentale permet d’interroger la place qu’il occupe dans son oeuvre, non seulement comme diagnostic, mais aussi comme exercice prescriptif d’une nouvelle politique. Enfin, l’article étudie certaines des propositions que l’on peut trouver sur la désactivation de la citoyenneté dans différents lieux de l’oeuvre du philosophe italien

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

The inequality of citizenship

El artículo se propone examinar las condiciones por las que los derechos humanos no son respetados en su totalidad para todos los seres humanos. En concreto, estudia la relación entre ser sujeto de justicia y la posesión del estatus de ciudadanía y, por otro lado, la relación entre privación de derechos y ausencia de ciudadanía. En este sentido, se exploran algunos de los discursos que han permitido la cesura entre el hombre como sujeto político y el hombre como sustrato biológico. Se propone tomar la profunda intimidad entre el acceso a los derechos y el ser sujeto reconocido por el Estado como el vector explicativo de la vulneración de los derechos humanos.The aim of the article is to examine the conditions under which human rights are not fully respected for all human beings. Specifically, it studies the relationship between being a subject of justice and the possession of a citizenship status and, on the other hand the relationship between privation of rights and absence of citizenship. In this regard some of the discourses that have allowed the caesura between man as a political subject and man as a biological substrate are explored. We will take the deep intimacy between access to rights and the subject recognized by the State as the explanatory vector of the lack of protection of human right

La desigualdad de la ciudadan\ueda

El art\uedculo se propone examinar las condiciones por las que los derechos humanos no son respetados en su totalidad para todos los seres humanos. En concreto, estudia la relaci\uf3n entre ser sujeto de justicia y la posesi\uf3n del estatus de ciudadan\ueda y, por otro lado, la relaci\uf3n entre privaci\uf3n de derechos y ausencia de ciudadan\ueda. En este sentido, se exploran algunos de los discursos que han permitido la cesura entre el hombre como sujeto pol\uedtico y el hombre como sustrato biol\uf3gico. Se propone tomar la profunda intimidad entre el acceso a los derechos y el ser sujeto reconocido por el Estado como el vector explicativo de la vulneraci\uf3n de los derechos humano

Más allá de los derechos. Giorgio Agamben y el dispositivo de la ciudadanía

La ciencia mejor informada, a pesar de que se hayan ignorado sus avisos, viene advirtiendo desde hace tiempo que las sociedades industriales se dirigen hacia un inminente escenario de reducción de los recursos materiales y energéticos disponibles. Los tiempos de abundancia económica y de estabilidad política que conocieron las democracias occidentales del capitalismo avanzado en su periodo de máxima expansión parece que en realidad serán un breve episodio de la historia humana. Las contribuciones que reúne el presente número de ‘Pasajes’ pretenden simplemente volver a poner encima de la mesa una cuestión que será cada vez más apremiante y para la que deberíamos tener preparadas algunas respuestas efectivas

El quiasma de la igualibertad: la comunidad de Castoriadis

This article presents the relationship between the notions of equality and freedom assumed by Castoriadis as necessary conditions for social autonomy project. The chiasmatic figure that Castoriadis establishes between equality and freedom will be approached with the aim of clarifying whether both notions should be addressed jointly or, on the contrary, they can be considered separately for an autonomy project as well. Once exposed the difficulties that appear in the representation that establishes a correspondence between both terms, attention will be directed to the need of the figure of law as a legal element to guarantee the privileges that are granted to the members of the community in the Autonomy project that is equal participation. To conclude, the article will be directed to a silence in the work of Castoriadis; who can be considered a subject in the autonomy project, that is, who should participate in the formation of the new institutions.Este artículo presenta la relación entre las nociones de igualdad y de libertad asumidas por Castoriadis como condiciones necesarias para el proyecto instituyente. Se abordará la figura quiasmática que Castoriadis establece entre la igualdad y la libertad con el objetivo de esclarecer si ambas nociones deben abordarse de forma conjunta o, por el contrario, pueden pensarse por separado también para un proyecto instituyente. Una vez queden expuestas las dificultades que aparecen en la representación que establece una correspondencia entre ambos términos, se dirigirá la atención a la necesidad de la figura del derecho como elemento jurídico garante de los privilegios que se quieren otorgar a los integrantes de la comunidad en el proyecto instituyente –la igual participación–. Para concluir, el artículo se dirigirá a un silencio en la obra de Castoriadis; quién puede considerarse sujeto en el proyecto instituyente, es decir, quién debe participar en la formación de las nuevas instituciones