Políticas educativas nacionales de atención a las desigualdades en el nivel secundario obligatorio : un análisis del periodo 2015 – 2019

La ponencia presenta resultados de una investigación en curso sobre las trayectorias de las políticas educativas dirigidas a garantizar la obligatoriedad del nivel secundario en Argentina desde la sanción de la Ley de Educación Nacional hasta el 2019. En esta presentación revisaremos las concepciones acerca de las desigualdades que subyacen a las políticas destinadas a mejorar las condiciones de escolarización de los grupos más vulnerados a partir de la reconstrucción de la arquitectura institucional de las áreas de gobierno, los/as destinatarios/as y la cobertura de las intervenciones, así como de las orientaciones y contenidos culturales de dichas políticas. Estas dimensiones serán abordadas desde una perspectiva cualitativa en base al análisis de entrevistas a actores clave, así como de normativa y documentos oficiales. El estudio de las políticas de atención a las desigualdades es un analizador potente para comprender las transformaciones en los sentidos del derecho a la educación ya que su diseño contiene supuestos respecto de las necesidades de los grupos vulnerados y la responsabilidad pública sobre la cuestión. Nos centramos en el nivel secundario, recientemente incluido como derecho a partir de su obligatoriedad, porque allí se expresa de modo evidente la multidimensionalidad de la desigualdad dado que las juventudes constituyen una de las poblaciones más afectadas por diversas situaciones de exclusión social y educativa. Profundizaremos en las políticas implementadas durante la gestión de la Alianza Cambiemos (2015-2019) como parte de las “nuevas derechas", en tanto pusieron en entredicho las políticas precedentes construidas al amparo de lo que algunos/as autores/as denominan la “fase posneoliberal", introduciendo nuevas lógicas fundadas en perspectivas individualizantes y meritocráticas desde las que se pretendió legitimar las posiciones sociales jerarquizadas.Fil: Gluz, Nora. Universidad de Buenos AiresFil: Karolinski, Mariel. Universidad de Buenos AiresFil: Diyarian, Maida. Universidad de Buenos Aire

PENGARUH KOMPOSISI MEDIA TANAM TERHADAP PEMBIBITAN TANAMAN KAKAO ( Theobroma cacao L. ) DI POLYBAG.

Effect of Media Composition Against Plant Nursery Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Polybag. This study aims to determine the effect of media composition in the appropriate planting cocoa plant nurseries (Theobroma cacao L.) In Polybag . The research was conducted dilahan experimental garden campus of University of Muhammadiyah Palembang C Semambu Island Village District of North Inderalaya Ogan Ilir South Sumatra Province. This study will take place from the month of May to July 2015. This study used a method of execution that is Rancanga Randomized (RAK) are arranged singly with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Each treatment consisted of 4 plants example. The treatment in the study include M0 = Soil Topsoil (control), M1 = 1: 1: 1 (Land: Chicken Manure: Rice Husk), M2 = 1: 2: 1 (Land: Chicken Manure: Rice Husk), M3 = 1: 1: 2 (Soil: Chicken Manure: Rice Husk), M4 = 2: 1: 1 (Land: Chicken Manure: Rice Husk ). The parameters observed in this study was the increase of plant height (cm), in the number of leaves (pieces), root fresh weight (g), root dry weight (g), berangkaasan wet weight (g), beragkasan dry weight (g), Results of analysis of variance showed that the composition ratio of the planting medium does not influence significantly on all the observed variables

Bullying of medical students in Pakistan: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey.

Background: Several studies from other countries have shown that bullying, harassment, abuse or belittlement are a regular phenomenon faced not only by medical students, but also junior doctors, doctors undertaking research and other healthcare professionals. While research has been carried out on bullying experienced by psychiatrists and psychiatry trainees in Pakistan no such research has been conducted on medical students in this country. Methodology/Principal Findings: We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey on final year medical students in six medical colleges of Pakistan. The response rate was 63%. Fifty-two percent of respondents reported that they had faced bullying or harassment during their medical education, about 28% of them experiencing it once a month or even more frequently. The overwhelming form of bullying had been verbal abuse (57%), while consultants were the most frequent (46%) perpetrators. Students who were slightly older, males, those who reported that their medical college did not have a policy on bullying or harassment, and those who felt that adequate support was not in place at their medical college for bullied individuals, were significantly more likely to have experienced bullying. Conclusion: Bullying or harassment is faced by quite a large proportion of medical students in Pakistan. The most frequent perpetrators of this bullying are consultants. Adoption of a policy against bullying and harassment by medical colleges, and providing avenues of support for students who have been bullied may help reduce this phenomenon, as the presence of these two was associated with decreased likelihood of students reporting having being bullied

Prevalence of Mistreatment or Belittlement among Medical Students – A Cross Sectional Survey at a Private Medical School in Karachi, Pakistan

Background: Mistreatment or belittlement of medical students either by faculty or fellow students has often been reported. Perception of mistreatment has also been associated with increased degree of psychological morbidity. There is a lack of such studies being conducted amongst the medical students of Pakistan. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and forms of perceived mistreatment and presence of mental health morbidity in a private medical school in Pakistan. Also, any association between mental health morbidity and mistreatment was to be identified. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on medical students from Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan during the period of June-September 2007. A self administered questionnaire, adapted from Frank et al and Baldwin et al was distributed to a total of 350 students. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: the first dealing with the demographics of the population, the second concerning the various forms of mistreatment, while the third assessed the mental health of students using the General Health Questionnaire 12(GHQ12). Descriptive statistics were performed. The Chi-square test and Fisher\u27s exact tests were applied. Results: A total of 350 students were approached out of which 232 completed the questionnaire giving a response rate of 66.2%. Mistreatment was reported by 62.5% (145/232) of the respondents. Of these, 69.7% (83/145) were males and 54.9% (62/145) were females. There was a significant relationship between gender, year division, stress at medical school and possible use of drugs/alcohol and reported mistreatment but no statistical relationship was seen with psychiatric morbidity. The overall prevalence of psychological morbidity was 34.8% (77/221). Conclusion: This study suggests high prevalence of perceived mistreatment and psychological morbidity among Pakistani medical students. However, no association was found between these two aspects of medical student education. There is a need to bring about changes to make the medical education environment conducive to learning. Increased student feedback, support systems and guidance about progress throughout the year and the provision of adequate learning resources may provide help with resolving both of these issues

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Diferencias e indiferencias. Pobreza y desigualdades en las políticas educativas argentinas del SXXI

El artículo analiza las concepciones sobre la pobreza que sostienen las políticas destinadas a garantizar el derecho a la educación secundaria obligatoria en el SXXI, a partir de los problemas que definen, las principales líneas de acción, sus destinatarios, y los arreglos institucionales para afrontarlos. Recuperamos hallazgos de una investigación en curso sobre las trayectorias de las políticas educativas en Argentina (2006-2019).Mostraremos cómo a inicios de siglo se produce un desplazamiento desde políticas fundadas en perspectivas economicistas que redujeron la cuestión social a la pobreza material; hacia otras sustentadas en enfoques multidimensionales, integrales y relacionales que la inscriben como parte de las desigualdades sociales. Este proceso se quiebra con el ascenso de la Alianza Cambiemos y el giro a la derecha en las orientaciones político-educativas: las desigualdades desaparecen de la agenda pública y la pobreza, que inicialmente fundamentó la necesidad de cambios globales del sistema, pierde importancia y se asocia a programas específicos y marginales en el proyecto oficial. Este viraje se enmarcó en una restricción del derecho a la educación en clave de derecho al aprendizaje, desde una concepción individualizante de las trayectorias escolares y sus condicionantes, en contextos de incremento simultáneo de la pobreza y la desigualdad