41 research outputs found
O nĂvel mĂ©dio do mar: uma realidade fĂsica u um critĂ©rio de engenharia
O monitoramento permanente das marĂ©s para fins de navegação levou Ă constatação da existĂȘncia de flutuaçÔes do nĂvel mĂ©dio do mar. O artigo discute os possĂveis entendimentos que se pode ter sobre este conceito e sugere que o ânĂvel mĂ©dio do marâ seja obtido por meio de filtragens (no domĂnio do tempo ou da freqĂŒĂȘncia) dos registros aregrĂĄficos, quando o usuĂĄrio estabelece o perĂodo de oscilaçÔes a serem filtradas. SĂŁo apresentados exemplos de mediçÔes no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos em longo prazo e sĂŁo evidenciadas as causas meteorolĂłgicas para flutuaçÔes do nĂvel do mar em escalas intra-anual (sazonal) e interanual (decenal). O artigo finaliza propondo a curva de permanĂȘncia do nĂvel mĂ©dio do mar como um critĂ©rio de engenharia
Desenvolvimento de lesÔes perirradiculares em ratos normais e diabéticos
Evidence suggests that diabetic patients are more significantly affected by problems of endodontic origin. This study sought to radiographically and histologically examine the development of periradicular inflammation in control and in diabetic rats after induction of pulpal infection. The pulps of the mandibular first molars of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were exposed and left in contact with their oral cavities for 21 and 40 days. Afterwards, the animals were sacrificed, the mandibles were surgically removed, fixed in formalin and then radiographed in a standardized position. The radiographic images of the periradicular lesions were scanned and computerized images were evaluated for the total area of the lesions using a specific software. Representative specimens were also prepared for histopathological analysis. Radiographic analysis revealed that diabetic rats presented significantly larger periradicular lesions when compared with control rats, regardless of the experimental period (pEvidĂȘncias indicam que pacientes diabĂ©ticos sĂŁo mais significativamente afetados por problemas de origem endodĂŽntica. Este estudo avaliou radiogrĂĄfica e histologicamente o desenvolvimento de inflamação perirradicular em ratos controle e diabĂ©ticos depois da indução de infecção pulpar. As polpas dos primeiros molares inferiores de ratos normais ou diabĂ©ticos foram expostas e deixadas em contato com a cavidade oral por 21 e 40 dias. Em seguida, os animais foram sacrificados, as mandĂbulas removidas cirurgicamente, fixadas em formalina e depois radiografadas em posição padronizada. As imagens radiogrĂĄficas das lesĂ”es perirradiculares foram escaneadas e as imagens computadorizadas avaliadas quanto Ă ĂĄrea total das lesĂ”es usando software especĂfico. EspĂ©cimes representativos foram preparados tambĂ©m para anĂĄlise histolĂłgica. A anĂĄlise radiogrĂĄfica revelou que os ratos diabĂ©ticos apresentaram lesĂ”es periradiculares significativamente maiores quando comparados com os ratos normais, independentemente do perĂodo experimental (
Shifting perspectives on coastal impacts and adaptation
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports reflect evolving attitudes in adapting to
sea-level rise by taking a systems approach and recognizing that multiple responses exist to achieve a
less hazardous coast.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Caracterização mecĂąnica e microestrutural de um aço com baixo teor de carbono â SAE 1010
Muitas sĂŁo as aplicaçÔes para os aços que apresentam baixo teor de carbono. Itens como eletrodomĂ©sticos, partes de um automĂłvel, rodas, entre outras peças, sĂŁo alguns pequenos exemplos de produtos confeccionados a partir dessa composição de aço, o qual pode compreender o limite de atĂ© 0,2 por cento de carbono em sua composição final. Entre os aços com baixo teor de carbono mais amplamente utilizados podemos citar o SAE 1010, SAE 1018 e o SAE 1020. O aço SAE 1010 abriga em sua composição uma concentração de 0,10 por cento de carbono. O objetivo principal deste artigo Ă© a caracterização mecĂąnica e microestrutural de uma referida amostra de aço SAE 1010, atravĂ©s de ensaios de tração, dureza Rockwell, microdureza Vickers, avaliação atravĂ©s de microscopia Ăłptica e tambĂ©m de microscopia eletrĂŽnica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados obtidos atravĂ©s de microscopia Ăłptica e MEV apresentaram uma microestrutura caracterizada pela presença de ferrita α com alguns poucos pontos de perlita situados em seus contornos de grĂŁos. Os testes de microdureza Vickers foram gerados com duas cargas de indentação e os testes de dureza Rockwell com uma carga de indentação, onde a mĂ©dia dessa carga foi de 99 HRB que, segundo a literatura atual analisada, este valor Ă© compatĂvel com o material aqui pesquisado
Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990â2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990â2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0â9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10â24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10â24 years were also in the top ten in the 25â49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50â74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019.
Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10â14 and 50â54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66â2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17â2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5â137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0â146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2â144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4â27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8â67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8â74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5â51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7â59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1â10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3â6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0â6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5â8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1â60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8â66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019
COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study
Background:
The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms.
Methods:
International, prospective observational study of 60â109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms.
Results:
âTypicalâ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (â€â18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (â„â70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each Pâ<â0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country.
Interpretation:
This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men
O nĂvel mĂ©dio do mar: uma realidade fĂsica u um critĂ©rio de engenharia
O monitoramento permanente das marĂ©s para fins de navegação levou Ă constatação da existĂȘncia de flutuaçÔes do nĂvel mĂ©dio do mar. O artigo discute os possĂveis entendimentos que se pode ter sobre este conceito e sugere que o ânĂvel mĂ©dio do marâ seja obtido por meio de filtragens (no domĂnio do tempo ou da freqĂŒĂȘncia) dos registros aregrĂĄficos, quando o usuĂĄrio estabelece o perĂodo de oscilaçÔes a serem filtradas. SĂŁo apresentados exemplos de mediçÔes no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos em longo prazo e sĂŁo evidenciadas as causas meteorolĂłgicas para flutuaçÔes do nĂvel do mar em escalas intra-anual (sazonal) e interanual (decenal). O artigo finaliza propondo a curva de permanĂȘncia do nĂvel mĂ©dio do mar como um critĂ©rio de engenharia
Propagation of ship waves on a sloping bottom
The numerical model FUNWAVE was adapted in order to simulate the generation and propagation of ship waves to shore, including phenomena such as refraction, diffraction, currents and breaking of waves. Results are shown for Froude numbers equal to 0.8, 1.0 and 1.1, in order to verify the refraction of the wave pattern, identify breaking conditions and to investigate the wave generation scheme as a moving pressure at the free surface. © 2009 World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd