Methods to improve debug flow for intellectual property protection

Abstract. Every company wants to protect their intellectual property and limit customer visibility of confidential information. A company may protect its proprietary information by different ways. This thesis will compare different methods that try to protect intellectual property while maintaining the software debugging capability. Working with binary libraries without debug information makes customer support very difficult. When a company is developing a new product, time to market is important. Usually, the last months are very busy resolving urgent customer issues. Especially during this period, the slow process of debugging customer issues without debug information can cause delays and increase time to market. The goal of this thesis is to compare methods that protects intellectual property by making reverse engineering more difficult. Study of the upcoming GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) features related to debug data formats, such as DWARF5, is also carried out while working with the thesis. The approaches tried were split DWARF, injecting ELF files, stripping debug data, and code obfuscation. Also optimisation and their effect on disassembly was studied. The best solution was to compile the software with debug symbols and strip them to a separate file. This way the symbol data can be loaded separately into GDB. The symbol data layout and addresses are also always correct with the solution.Virheiden etsinnän työnkulun parantaminen immateriaaliomaisuudet huomioiden. Tiivistelmä. Yritykset haluavat suojella immateriaaliomaisuuksiaan ja rajoittaa asiakkaiden näkyvyyttä tietylle tasolle asti. Tämä lopputyö vertailee eri metodeja jotka koittavat suojata immateriaaliomaisuuksia, ilman että ohjelmiston virheidenkorjattavuus kärsii. Binäärikirjastot ilman virheenkorjaustietoja vaikeuttavat asiakkaan tukemista. Uutta tuotetta kehitettäessä, markkinoille tuloaika on yritykselle tärkeää. Yleensä viimeiset kuukaudet ovat kiireisiä asiakkaan ongelmien tutkimuksien kanssa ja kyseiset ongelmat tulisi olla ratkaistuna mahdollisimman nopeasti. Tämän lopputyön tavoitteena on vertailla mahdollisia metodeja, jotka suojaavat immateriaaliomaisuutta takaisinmallinnusta vastaan. Tarkoituksena on myös tutkia tulevia GNU kääntäjä-kokoelman (GCC:n) ominaisuuksia liittyen virheenkorjaustietoformaatteihin, kuten DWARF5. Ongelman ratkaisuun koitettiin pilkottuja virheenkorjaustietoja, ELFtiedoston injektointia, virheenkorjaustiedon riisumista ohjelmistosta ja koodin obfuskointia. Myös optimoinnin vaikutusta konekielestä takaisinmallinnettuun Assembly-muotoon tutkittiin. Paras ratkaisu oli kääntää ohjelmisto virheenkorjaustiedolla ja riisua ne omaan erilliseen tiedostoon. Näin ohjelmiston symbolitieto pystytään latamaan erikseen virheenjäljittemänä käytettyyn GNU Debuggeriin (GDB:hen). Näin symbolitietojen rakenne ja osoitteet ovat myös aina paikkansapitävät

A visualization service for Parkinson’s disease motoric measurements

Abstract. In the era of affordable sensors and smart devices, medical self measurements are increasingly common. Currently, powerful mobile phones and different sensor systems facilitate a variety of use cases for patients, enthusiasts and experts alike to measure their bodily condition. Visualizing the results of these measurements is not always a certainty, as the data could be complex or difficult to interpret in some other way. We design and develop a web application to visualize measurement data collected with an existing self-measurement application called STOP. STOP collects acceleration and gyroscopic data about hand tremor with parkinson’s disease patients. Our application, Medidash, draws dynamic temporal cartesian graphs from these measurements. Medidash consists of an existing AWARE-database and a Python-Dash based web application.Visualisointipalvelu Parkinsonin taudin oireiden mittausten kuvaamiseen. Tiivistelmä. Edullisen kuluttajaelektroniikan ja älylaitteiden aikakaudella lääketieteellinen mittaaminen yleistyy voimakkaasti. Nykyiset tehokkaat matkapuhelimet ja erilaiset sensorijärjestelmät mahdollistavat erilaisia käyttötarkoituksia terveyden mittaamiseen niin potilaille, ammattilaisille kuin harrastajillekin. Näiden mittausten visualisointi ei aina ole itsestäänselvyys, sillä kerätty data saattaa olla monimutkaista tai muuten hankalasti tulkittavaa. Suunnitelemme ja kehitämme verkkosovelluksen jo olemassa olevalla kehonmittausta tekevällä STOP-applikaatiolla kerätyn datan visualisointiin. STOP kerää kiihtyvyysanturilla ja gyroskoopilla dataa Parkinsonin taudin potilaiden käsien tärinästä. Kehittämämme sovellus, Medidash, piirtää dynaamisia kuvaajia mitatun datan visualisoimiseksi. Medidash koostuu jo olemassaolevasta AWARE-tietokannasta sekä Python-Dash-pohjaisesta verkkoapplikaatiosta

Weighted Shortest Common Supersequence problem revisited

A weighted string, also known as a position weight matrix, is a sequence of probability distributions over some alphabet. We revisit the Weighted Shortest Common Supersequence (WSCS) problem, introduced by Amir et al. [SPIRE 2011], that is, the SCS problem on weighted strings. In the WSCS problem, we are given two weighted strings (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) and a threshold (Formula presented) on probability, and we are asked to compute the shortest (standard) string S such that both (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) match subsequences of S (not necessarily the same

Charge separation relative to the reaction plane in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}= 2.76 TeV

Measurements of charge dependent azimuthal correlations with the ALICE detector at the LHC are reported for Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76$ TeV. Two- and three-particle charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in the pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta| < 0.8$ are presented as a function of the collision centrality, particle separation in pseudo-rapidity, and transverse momentum. A clear signal compatible with a charge-dependent separation relative to the reaction plane is observed, which shows little or no collision energy dependence when compared to measurements at RHIC energies. This provides a new insight for understanding the nature of the charge dependent azimuthal correlations observed at RHIC and LHC energies.Comment: 12 pages, 3 captioned figures, authors from page 2 to 6, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/286

A note on comonotonicity and positivity of the control components of decoupled quadratic FBSDE

In this small note we are concerned with the solution of Forward-Backward Stochastic Differential Equations (FBSDE) with drivers that grow quadratically in the control component (quadratic growth FBSDE or qgFBSDE). The main theorem is a comparison result that allows comparing componentwise the signs of the control processes of two different qgFBSDE. As a byproduct one obtains conditions that allow establishing the positivity of the control process.Comment: accepted for publicatio

Centrality dependence of charged particle production at large transverse momentum in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}} = 2.76 TeV

The inclusive transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) distributions of primary charged particles are measured in the pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta|<0.8$ as a function of event centrality in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The data are presented in the $p_{\rm T}$ range $0.15<p_{\rm T}<50$ GeV/$c$ for nine centrality intervals from 70-80% to 0-5%. The Pb-Pb spectra are presented in terms of the nuclear modification factor $R_{\rm{AA}}$ using a pp reference spectrum measured at the same collision energy. We observe that the suppression of high-$p_{\rm T}$ particles strongly depends on event centrality. In central collisions (0-5%) the yield is most suppressed with $R_{\rm{AA}}\approx0.13$ at $p_{\rm T}=6$-7 GeV/$c$. Above $p_{\rm T}=7$ GeV/$c$, there is a significant rise in the nuclear modification factor, which reaches $R_{\rm{AA}} \approx0.4$ for $p_{\rm T}>30$ GeV/$c$. In peripheral collisions (70-80%), the suppression is weaker with $R_{\rm{AA}} \approx 0.7$ almost independently of $p_{\rm T}$. The measured nuclear modification factors are compared to other measurements and model calculations.Comment: 17 pages, 4 captioned figures, 2 tables, authors from page 12, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/284

Anisotropic flow of charged hadrons, pions and (anti-)protons measured at high transverse momentum in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76 TeV

The elliptic, $v_2$, triangular, $v_3$, and quadrangular, $v_4$, azimuthal anisotropic flow coefficients are measured for unidentified charged particles, pions and (anti-)protons in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Results obtained with the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods are reported for the pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta|<0.8$ at different collision centralities and as a function of transverse momentum, $p_{\rm T}$, out to $p_{\rm T}=20$ GeV/$c$. The observed non-zero elliptic and triangular flow depends only weakly on transverse momentum for $p_{\rm T}>8$ GeV/$c$. The small $p_{\rm T}$ dependence of the difference between elliptic flow results obtained from the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods suggests a common origin of flow fluctuations up to $p_{\rm T}=8$ GeV/$c$. The magnitude of the (anti-)proton elliptic and triangular flow is larger than that of pions out to at least $p_{\rm T}=8$ GeV/$c$ indicating that the particle type dependence persists out to high $p_{\rm T}$.Comment: 16 pages, 5 captioned figures, authors from page 11, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/186

Transverse sphericity of primary charged particles in minimum bias proton-proton collisions at s=0.9\sqrt{s}=0.9, 2.76 and 7 TeV

Measurements of the sphericity of primary charged particles in minimum bias proton--proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=0.9$, 2.76 and 7 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC are presented. The observable is linearized to be collinear safe and is measured in the plane perpendicular to the beam direction using primary charged tracks with $p_{\rm T}\geq0.5$ GeV/c in $|\eta|\leq0.8$. The mean sphericity as a function of the charged particle multiplicity at mid-rapidity ($N_{\rm ch}$) is reported for events with different $p_{\rm T}$ scales ("soft" and "hard") defined by the transverse momentum of the leading particle. In addition, the mean charged particle transverse momentum versus multiplicity is presented for the different event classes, and the sphericity distributions in bins of multiplicity are presented. The data are compared with calculations of standard Monte Carlo event generators. The transverse sphericity is found to grow with multiplicity at all collision energies, with a steeper rise at low $N_{\rm ch}$, whereas the event generators show the opposite tendency. The combined study of the sphericity and the mean $p_{\rm T}$ with multiplicity indicates that most of the tested event generators produce events with higher multiplicity by generating more back-to-back jets resulting in decreased sphericity (and isotropy). The PYTHIA6 generator with tune PERUGIA-2011 exhibits a noticeable improvement in describing the data, compared to the other tested generators.Comment: 21 pages, 9 captioned figures, 3 tables, authors from page 16, published version, figures from http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/308

Measurement of charm production at central rapidity in proton-proton collisions at s=2.76\sqrt{s} = 2.76 TeV

The $p_{\rm T}$-differential production cross sections of the prompt (B feed-down subtracted) charmed mesons D$^0$, D$^+$, and D$^{*+}$ in the rapidity range $|y|<0.5$, and for transverse momentum $1< p_{\rm T} <12$ GeV/$c$, were measured in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis exploited the hadronic decays D$^0 \rightarrow$K$\pi$, D$^+ \rightarrow$K$\pi\pi$, D$^{*+} \rightarrow$D$^0\pi$, and their charge conjugates, and was performed on a $L_{\rm int} = 1.1$ nb$^{-1}$ event sample collected in 2011 with a minimum-bias trigger. The total charm production cross section at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV and at 7 TeV was evaluated by extrapolating to the full phase space the $p_{\rm T}$-differential production cross sections at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV and our previous measurements at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV. The results were compared to existing measurements and to perturbative-QCD calculations. The fraction of cdbar D mesons produced in a vector state was also determined.Comment: 20 pages, 5 captioned figures, 4 tables, authors from page 15, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/307

Precision Measurement of the Boron to Carbon Flux Ratio in Cosmic Rays from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the boron to carbon flux ratio (B/C) is important in understanding the propagation of cosmic rays. The precise measurement of the B/C ratio from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV, based on 2.3 million boron and 8.3 million carbon nuclei collected by AMS during the first 5 years of operation, is presented. The detailed variation with rigidity of the B/C spectral index is reported for the first time. The B/C ratio does not show any significant structures in contrast to many cosmic ray models that require such structures at high rigidities. Remarkably, above 65 GV, the B/C ratio is well described by a single power law R[superscript Δ] with index Δ=-0.333±0.014(fit)±0.005(syst), in good agreement with the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence which predicts Δ=-1/3 asymptotically.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grants 1455202 and 1551980)Wyle Research (Firm) (Grant 2014/T72497)United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Grant HELIO15F-0005